不同干扰下阿拉善荒漠啮齿动物群落格局的变动特征

干扰广泛被认为是影响物种多样性变化的最主要的因素。近年来,物种多样性对干扰的响应是生态学家关注和研究的热点问题之一。2002-2011年,在内蒙古阿拉善荒漠区对人为不同利用（干扰）方式形成的禁牧、轮牧、过牧和开垦4种不同区域中,通过对啮齿动物群落的物种数、物种总捕获率、Shannon-Wiener多样性指数和Pielou均匀性指数等4个变量的时间序列资料的比较,分析了这些变量的年间变动特点及在不同干扰条件下的变动规律,并对不同干扰区各变量的趋势进行分析,探讨啮齿动物群落对不同干扰过程的响应。结果表明：4个变量的最高值均出现在受中等干扰的轮牧区中,物种总捕获率2003年出现了各区的第1个高峰,总捕获率分别为过牧区10.75%、轮牧区19.60%、禁牧区11.20%、开垦区10.55%;2008年出现第2个高峰,4个区物种总捕获率均达到了各区的最高峰,捕获率分别为过牧区29.60%、轮牧区34.15%、禁牧区14.20%、开垦区27.10%。过牧区与轮牧区群落物种总捕获率、Shannon-Wiener指数和Pielou均匀性指数显著相关（p〈0.05）,变动规律相似。过牧区与轮牧区、禁牧区与过牧区、轮牧区与禁牧区之间的物种总捕获率呈极显著正相关（p〈0.01）。过牧区与轮牧区相似度较高（I=0.8568）;过牧区Shannon-Wiener指数表现为有显著的下降趋势（Y=-0.142 lnt＋1.487,F=6.320,p＜0.05）,表明随着过牧时间的积累,对生境的干扰逐步加重,啮齿动物群落的多样性会逐渐降低。     

荒漠草原区不同土地利用类型土壤水分时空特征

土壤水分是荒漠草原区土地可持续利用的重要指标,通过多个连续生长季的观测能够分析土壤水分的可持续性.对2011-2012年连续2a土壤水分和降水量进行定点观测,比较分析了荒漠草原区不同土地利用类型土壤水分的时空变化.结果表明:枯水年不同土地利用类型之间土壤水分差异比丰水年大;枯水年5种土地利用类型土壤水分随时间的变化均呈增长型,而在丰水年均呈波动型;5种土地利用类型土壤水分在枯水年呈现3峰3谷的变化特征,在丰水年与降水量的波动显著相关,并且有较长时期处于稳定期(7月至次年4月);无论是丰水年还是枯水年,荒漠草原区土壤含水量以人工苜蓿地和人工甘草地较大,甘草苜蓿昆合草地和天然草地次之,柠条林地最低.通过对比分析不同年份5种土地利用类型土壤水分的时空变化,以及水分补给与消耗在土壤剖面上的变化特点,可以更好地理解在景观尺度上的生态过程,对荒漠草原区土壤水分的有效利用及水土保持具有重要意义.     

白石砬子自然保护区几种主要植被类型土壤入渗特性研究

为了深入研究辽东山区森林土壤的水源涵养功能,以白石砬子自然保护区内的6种主要植被类型下土壤为研究对象,采用野外双环试验和室内理化性质分析相结合的方法,研究了不同植被类型下土壤入渗能力及其与理化性质的关系。结果表明,不同植被类型土壤的初渗率、稳渗率、平均入渗率、渗透总量均表现为下层低于上层,最大值是最小值的近3倍;不同植被类型间土壤入渗能力差异较大,其中A层初渗率排列顺序为原生红松阔叶混交林>红松人工林>鱼鳞云杉臭冷杉林>农地>蒙古栎林>杂木林,B层初渗率排列顺序为鱼鳞云杉臭冷杉林>农地>杂木林>红松人工林>原生红松阔叶混交林>蒙古栎林,A层稳渗率排列顺序为红松人工林>鱼鳞云杉臭冷杉林>原生红松阔叶混交林>杂木林>蒙古栎林>农地,B层稳渗率以杂木林最大,为3.8 mm?min-1,原生红松阔叶混交林最小,仅为1.1 mm?min-1,其他4种植被类型土壤稳渗率几乎无差异,A层平均入渗率排列顺序为红松人工林>原生红松阔叶混交林>鱼鳞云杉臭冷杉林>杂木林>蒙古栎林>农地,B层平均入渗率排列顺序为杂木林>鱼鳞云杉臭冷杉林>红松人工林>蒙古栎林>农地>原生红松阔叶混交林,A层的渗透总量以红松阔叶混交林和红松人工林最大,蒙古栎林和农地相对较低,B层的渗透总量以杂木林最大,红松阔叶混交林最小;主成分分析评价的土壤入渗能力排序为红松人工林>鱼鳞云杉臭冷杉林>原生红松阔叶混交林>杂木林>蒙古栎林>农地,初渗率、稳渗率、平均入渗率和渗透总量等4个指标综合起来能够很好的表达土壤入渗能力,其主成分方差的累积贡献率为90.662%;不同层次土壤入渗速率与入渗时间均存在良好的幂函数关系;土壤的稳渗率、平均入渗率、渗透总量与非毛管孔隙度呈显著正相关关系,初渗率与非毛管孔隙存在相关性,但不显著。与容重存在负相关关系,但不显著。     

塔里木荒漠河岸林植物群落演替下的土壤理化性质研究

选择塔里木荒漠河岸林内典型、有代表性的不同演替阶段的群落,对其土壤理化性质进行研究。结果表明：土壤理化性质在演替方向和土壤剖面上表现出较强的规律性。演替后、中期表层土壤（0～20 cm）粘粒质量分数比初期分别减少了1.28%、64.29%、土壤砂粒质量分数分别增加了3.08%、17.23%,土壤明显变粗沙化。群落演替能明显增大土壤容重与非毛管孔隙度,降低土壤总孔隙度、毛管孔隙度、孔隙比、土壤水分质量分数、最大持水量、毛管持水量和最小持水量。演替后、中期表层土壤非毛管孔隙度比初期分别增大了33.78%、36.087%,土壤水分质量分数分别降低了85.57%、97.77%,演替后期最大持水量、毛管持水量分别比初期降低了40.28%、9.27%,导致土壤固相率减小,气相率增大,土壤持水供水能力与抗风蚀性能减弱。土壤有机质、全氮与碱解氮、全磷与速效磷、全钾与速效钾、盐分质量分数随群落演替呈降低趋势。演替后期表层土壤有机质、碱解氮、全磷与速效钾质量分数分别比初期降低了38.68%、60.71%、23.58%、66.93%,其土壤理化性质退化最显著。地下水位下降是引起荒漠河岸林植物群落逆向演替的驱动力。当前随人类干扰强度增强（水土资源开发）,塔里木荒漠河岸林土壤结构与土壤生态功能随之受到破坏与衰退,而保持合理的生态水位则是维持荒漠河岸林生态系统稳定的有效途径。     

塔里木沙漠公路防护林生态工程对地下水位的影响分析

为了解塔里木沙漠公路防护林生态工程对地下水位的影响,在该工程第69#灌溉水源井处设置观测场,通过多个观测井的非稳定流抽水试验,观测井中地下水位的变化情况,确定了研究区域的含水层渗透系数K=13.317m/d、抽水影响半径R=332.04 m。分析了地下水位降落"漏斗"和水位下降、上升随时间和空间的变化规律:在2个抽水应力期内,水位急速下降和上升过程均可在抽水试验开始后的11 min内完成,随着时间的累积,变化趋势逐渐缓慢;抽水结束后,水位可恢复到初始水平。因此,研究认为塔里木沙漠公路防护林生态工程灌溉期抽水不会引起天然地下水位的持续下降,这将为沙漠公路沿线地下水资源的可持续利用和防护林生态工程整体的稳定性及长久运行提供一定的理论依据。     

我国地表矿物质颗粒物的粒度分布与来源

下垫面的地表矿物质颗粒物是大气气溶胶的源和汇,对生物地球化学循环、环境状况和人体健康产生影响。下垫面地表矿物质颗粒物的粒度分布是表征颗粒行为的重要参数,颗粒物的物理性质、化学性质和环境学性质等都与粒径有关。为探究人为下垫面（城市铺装道路、农村土路和农田等）和自然下垫面（沙漠和戈壁）地表矿物质颗粒物的粒径分布,并分析其影响因素,对城市铺装道路、农村土路、裸露农田、沙漠和戈壁下垫面的地表矿物质颗粒物进行粒度研究。结果表明：从沉积物中值粒径来看,城市铺装道路表现为佛山市南海区（254.9μm）>杭州市桐庐县（247.5μm）>北京市（201.3μm）>南平市延平区（178.7μm）>兰州市（65.5μm）;赣州市湖江镇农村土路为131.3μm;兰州市榆中县裸露农田为21.1μm;沙漠和戈壁表现为腾格里沙漠（272.7μm）>塔克拉玛干沙漠（121.9μm）。总体来说,地表矿物质颗粒物的粒度分布与人类活动、地理位置、风速和季节等因素密切相关,人类活动对粒度分布的影响因人类活动的复杂而难以明确,风速不同将裹挟不同粒径颗粒物,不同季节风速与风向不同,不同地理位置人类活...     

Hydrologic Calibration and Validation of SWAT in a Snow‐Dominated Rocky Mountain Watershed,Montana, U.S.A.1

Abstract: The Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) has been applied successfully in temperate environments but little is known about its performance in the snow‐dominated, forested, mountainous watersheds that provide much of the water supply in western North America. To address this knowledge gap, we configured SWAT to simulate the streamflow of Tenderfoot Creek (TCSWAT). Located in central Montana, TCSWAT represents a high‐elevation watershed with ～85% coniferous forest cover where more than 70% of the annual precipitation falls as snow, and runoff comes primarily from spring snowmelt. Model calibration using four years of measured daily streamflow, temperature, and precipitation data resulted in a relative error (RE) of 2% for annual water yield estimates, and mean paired deviations (Dv) of 36 and 31% and Nash‐Sutcliffe (NS) efficiencies of 0.90 and 0.86 for monthly and daily streamflow, respectively. Model validation was conducted using an additional four years of data and the performance was similar to the calibration period, with RE of 4% for annual water yields, Dv of 43% and 32%, and NS efficiencies of 0.90 and 0.76 for monthly and daily streamflow, respectively. An objective, regression‐based model invalidation procedure also indicated that the model was validated for the overall simulation period. Seasonally, SWAT performed well during the spring and early summer snowmelt runoff period, but was a poor predictor of late summer and winter base flow. The calibrated model was most sensitive to snowmelt parameters, followed in decreasing order of influence by the surface runoff lag, ground water, soil, and SCS Curve Number parameter sets. Model sensitivity to the surface runoff lag parameter reflected the influence of frozen soils on runoff processes. Results indicated that SWAT can provide reasonable predictions of annual, monthly, and daily streamflow from forested montane watersheds, but further model refinements could improve representation of snowmelt runoff processes and performance during the base flow period in this environment.     

Hydrology of Clay Settling Areas and Surrounding Landscapes in the Phosphate Mining District,Peninsular Florida1

Abstract: The objective of this study was to use applied and naturally occurring geochemical tracers to study the hydrology of clay settling areas (CSAs) and the hydrological connectivity between CSAs and surrounding hydrological landscapes. The study site is located on the Fort Meade Mine in Polk County, Florida. The CSA has a well‐developed, subangular‐blocky, clay‐rich surface layer with abundant desiccation cracks and other macropores, and a massive, clay‐rich sublayer that is saturated below ～1.0‐2.5 m. A bromide tracer was applied to study hydrological processes in the upper part of the CSA. Bromide infiltrated rapidly and perched on a massive, clay‐rich sublayer. Bromide concentrations decreased in the upper part of the profile without being transported vertically down through the lower part of the profile suggesting that bromide was lost to lateral rather than to vertical transport. Infiltration and lateral flow were rapid suggesting that preferential flow through desiccation cracks and other macropores likely dominates flow in the upper part of the CSA. Naturally occurring solute and stable isotope tracers were used to study the hydrological connectivity between the CSA and the surrounding hydrological landscape. Three‐end mass‐balance mixing model results indicate that shallow and/or deep CSA water can be found in all downgradient waters and must be as much as ～50% of some downgradient waters. Discharge from the CSA to the surrounding surface water‐bodies and surficial aquifer occurs laterally through the berms and/or vertically through the massive, clay‐rich sublayer. However, the precise flow paths from the CSA to the surrounding hydrological landscape are unclear and the fluxes remain unquantified, so the precise effects of CSAs on the hydrology of the surrounding hydrological landscape also remain unquantified.     

Evidence for Changing Flood Risk in New England Since the Late 20th Century1

Abstract: Long‐term flow records for watersheds with minimal human influence have shown trends in recent decades toward increasing streamflow at regional and national scales, especially for low flow quantiles like the annual minimum and annual median flows. Trends for high flow quantiles are less clear, despite recent research showing increased precipitation in the conterminous United States over the last century that has been brought about primarily by an increased frequency and intensity of events in the upper 10th percentile of the daily precipitation distribution – particularly in the Northeast. This study investigates trends in 28 long‐term annual flood series for New England watersheds with dominantly natural streamflow. The flood series are an average of 75 years in length and are continuous through 2006. Twenty‐five series show upward trends via the nonparametric Mann‐Kendall test, 40% (10) of which are statistically significant (p < 0.1). Moreover, an average standardized departures series for 23 of the study gages indicates that increasing flood magnitudes in New England occurred as a step change around 1970. The timing of this is broadly synchronous with a phase change in the low frequency variability of the North Atlantic Oscillation, a prominent upper atmospheric circulation pattern that is known to effect climate variability along the United States east coast. Identifiable hydroclimatic shifts should be considered when the affected flow records are used for flood frequency analyses. Special treatment of the flood series can improve the analyses and provide better estimates of flood magnitudes and frequencies under the prevailing hydroclimatic condition.     

Assessing Influences of Hydrology,Physicochemistry, and Habitat on Stream Fish Assemblages Across a Changing Landscape1

Abstract: We evaluated the impact of land cover on fish assemblages by examining relationships between stream hydrology, physicochemistry, and instream habitat and their association with fish responses in streams draining 18 watersheds of the Lower Piedmont of western Georgia. Several important relationships between land use and physicochemical, hydrological, and habitat parameters were observed, particularly higher frequency of spate flows, water temperatures, and lower dissolved oxygen (DO) with percentage impervious surface (IS) cover, higher habitat quality with percentage forest cover, and elevated suspended solid concentrations with percentage pasture cover. Fish assemblages were largely explained by physicochemical and hydrological rather than habitat variables. Specifically, fish species diversity, richness, and biotic integrity were lower in streams that received high frequency of spate flows. Also, overall fish assemblage structure as determined by nonmetric multidimensional scaling was best described by total dissolved solids (TDS) and DO, with high TDS and low DO streams containing sunfish‐based assemblages and low TDS and high DO streams containing minnow‐based assemblages. Our results suggest that altered hydrological and physicochemical conditions, induced largely by IS, may be a strong determinant of fish assemblage structure in these lowland streams and allow for a more mechanistic understanding of how land use ultimately affects these systems.