SPATIALLY OPTIMIZING FOREST MANAGEMENT SCHEDULES TO MEET STORMFLOW CONSTRAINTS1

ABSTRACT: A spatial optimization model is developed and used to limit cumulative effects resulting from storm events by strategically arranging and scheduling forest treatments to meet peak storm-flow constraints. A mixed integer forest management scheduling formulation is used to select the location and timing of forest treatments. The approach includes simulated spatial routing of storm-flows imbedded as hydrologic process constraints (in a nested schedule) within longer-term forest management planning periods in the mathematical programming model. Although difficult to solve, the model shows promise for further research.     

CONTROL OF NATURAL BRINE SPRINGS IN BRAZOS RIVER BASIN PART II: BRINE DISPOSAL1

ABSTRACT: Water quality in the Brazos River of Texas is seriously degraded by natural salt pollution. Two thousand tons/day of total dissolved solids emanate from brine springs and seeps in the Upper Brazos River drainage. Approximately 45 percent of the total salt load comes from a relatively small flow in the Dove Creek area. The companion paper demonstrates that a system of wells pumping brine at a constant rate of about 2 cfs from the near surface aquifer should eliminate the brine springs in this area. In this paper, injection into deep brine aquifers is shown to be a feasible brine disposal alternative. Four brine aquifers were determined from the literature to be possible injection zones. Accurate net aquifer thickness maps were generated in a 23 by 14 mile area centered on the Dove Creek area for three of the aquifers from an interpretation of 41 well logs. Constant injection for a project life of 100 years was simulated using the SWIFT/486 software. Modeling suggests that one well would be sufficient to inject the entire disposal volume into either the Strawn or Ellenburger Formation.     

SOME STATISTICAL OBSERVATIONS1

ABSTRACT: Some of the statistical techniques and results presented in publications in hydrology and water resources are, at best, misleading and, in other cases, plain wrong. The author discusses examples that he has found in recent publications. One reason for the number of doubtful papers may be simply that the total number of papers is increasing so fast; seven new journals in hydrology and water resources have been issued in the last few years.     

HYDROLOGIC UNCERTAINTY MEASURE AND NETWORK DESIGN1

ABSTRACT: This paper presents a simple methodology, using the entropy concept, to estimate regional hydro logic uncertainty and information at both gaged and ungaged grids in a basin. The methodology described in this paper is applicable for (a) the selection of the optimum station from a dense network, using maximization of information transmission criteria, and (b) expansion of a network using data from an existing sparse network by means of the information interpolation concept and identification of the zones from minimum hydrologic information. The computation of single and joint entropy terms used in the above two cases depends upon single and multivariable probability density functions. In this paper, these terms are derived for the gamma distribution. The derived formulation for optimum hydrologic network design was tested using the data from a network of 29 rain gages on Sleeper River Experimental Watershed. For the purpose of network reduction, the watershed was divided into three subregions, and the optimum stations and their locations in each subregion were identified. To apply the network expansion methodology, only the network consisting of 13 stations was used, and feasible triangular elements were formed by joining the stations. Hydrologic information was calculated at various points on the line segments, and critical information zones were identified by plotting information contours. The entropy concept used in this paper, although derived for single and bivaviate gamma distribution, is general in type and can easily be modified for other distributions by a simple variable transformation criterion.     

Rehabilitation and improvement of Guilin urban water environment：Function-oriented management

Economic development and population growth have deeply damaged the urban water environment of Guilin City, China. Main problems involved structural damage and functional deterioration of the urban waters. An integrated technical scheme was developed to rehabilitate the urban water environment and to enhance the waters' functions during 1998-2008. Improvement of waters' functions included water system reconstruction, water pollution control, water safety assurance, and aquatic ecological restoration. The water system was reconstructed to connect different waters and clean water supplies to the lakes. Moreover, water pollution was controlled to improve water quality by endogenous pollutant elimination and extraneous pollutant interception. In addition, ecological measures put in place serve to enhance water system functions and better benefit both nature and humans. The project has brought about sound ecological, economic and social benefits in Guilin City, which can potentially be extended to similar cities.     

三峡前置库汉丰湖试运行年水文水质变化特征

汉丰湖是为解决三峡蓄水在重庆市开县(今开州区,下同)境内形成的38 km2消落带修建的前置库,因独特的"库中库"调控模式,季节性大范围消落区湿地、生活污染和农业面源污染源、城市和人口承载,具有特殊的水文特征及生态环境特征.2015年汉丰湖试运行期间,汉丰湖受三峡水位调控影响,兼具湖泊、河流、回水河湾等形态特征,结合水文形态变化特征和水质指标时间聚类分析,结果表明:(1)试运行年水文水质有4个特征变化时期:5~8月为T1(河流形态期),1月、3月和11~12月为T2(湖泊形态期),2月、4月和9月为T3(水位变动期),10月为T4(水华敏感期).(2)通过主成分分析和逐步回归分析发现汉丰湖水体富营养化在不同时期受不同主导成分影响,主成分累积贡献率在上述时期分别为82.93%、77.61%、78.32%、88.40%.T1时期主要水质影响指标为DP、TP、SD、pH;T2时期主要水质影响指标为TN、DN、DP、TP、NO_3~--N;T3时期主要水质影响指标为SD、NH_4~+-N、DN、T;T4时期主要水质影响指标为TN、DN、DO、NH_4~+-N、pH、高锰酸盐指数、H、NO_3~--N.(3)用主成分分析简化水质指标之间的相关性,以因子得分(score values)为自变量用于多元线性回归分析,结果发现各时期Chl-a与因子分值明显相关,T1时期Chl-a主要受水体氮含量影响,主要影响成分为PC2;T2时期Chl-a主要受水体氮、磷营养盐状态影响,主要影响成分为PC1;T3时期Chl-a主要受水深变化影响,主要影响成分为PC3;T4时期Chl-a主要受水动力影响,主要影响成分为PC3.综上所述,汉丰湖试运行期间频繁且大幅度的水位变动是其水文水质变化的重要影响因素.     

Impacts of land use conversion on bankfull discharge and mass wasting

Mass wasting and channel incision are widespread in the Nemadji River watershed of eastern Minnesota and northwestern Wisconsin. While much of this is a natural response to glacial rebound, sediment coring and tree ring data suggest that land use has also influenced these erosional processes. We characterized land use, inventoried mass wasting, surveyed stream channels and collected discharge data along segments of five streams in the Nemadji River watershed. Due to natural relief in this region, wetlands and agricultural lands are concentrated in the flatter terrain of the uplands of the Nemadji watershed, while forestland (coniferous or deciduous) is concentrated in the deeply incised (50-200% slope) stream valleys. Bankfull discharge was higher where forests had been converted from coniferous to deciduous forests and where there were fewer wetlands. Mass wasting increased exponentially with bankfull flows. While mass wasting was not correlated with forest type conversion and agricultural land use, it was negatively dependent upon wetland extent in headwater areas. Interactions between the spatial distribution of land use and terrain obfuscate any clear cause-and-effect relationships between land use, hydrology and fluvial processes.     

SIMULATION OF RUNOFF FROM URBAN WATERSHEDS1

ABSTRACT. .A mathematical model for urban watersheds is being developed in stages at the Utah Water Research Laboratory, Utah State University at Logan. In verifying the watershed as a unit, watershed coefficients are determined on the computer, and related to the urbanization characteristics. The second stage of verification consists of dividing the watershed into subzones, and determining the urban parameters within each subzone. Each subzone is then individually modeled, and outflow hydrographs are routed through succeeding downstream subzones to the gaging point. The model thus makes it possible to: (a) develop runoff models for subzone hydrographs within the urban watershed, and (b) account for spatial variations of storm and watershed characteristics. An attempt was also made to analytically model the outflow hydrograph based on storm and watershed characteristics.     

APPLICATION OF PARAMETER OPTIMIZATION METHOD FOR CALIBRATING TANK MODEL1

ABSTRACT: Many automatic calibration processes have been proposed to efficiently calibrate the 16 parameters involved in the four‐layered tank model. The Multistart Powell and Stuffed Complex Evolution (SCE) methods are considered the best two procedures. Two rainfall events were designed to compare the performance and efficiency of these two methods. The first rainfall event is short term and the second designed for long term rainfall data collection. Both rainfall events include a lengthy no‐rainfall period. Two sets of upper and lower values for the search range were selected for the numerical tests. The results show that the Multistart Powell and SCE methods are able to obtain the true values for the 16 parameters with a sufficiently long no‐rainfall period after a rainfall event. In addition, by using two selected objective functions, one based on root mean square error and one based on root mean square relative error criteria, it is found that the no‐rainfall period lengths necessary to obtain the converged true values for the 16 parameters are roughly the same. The SCE method provides a more efficient search based on an appropriate preliminary search range. The Multistart Powell method, on the other hand, leads to more accurate search results when there is no suitable search range selected based on the parameter calibration experience.     

磷脂脂肪酸(PLFA)法检测蒙古沙冬青根围土壤微生物群落结构

为了评价和管理干旱和半干旱地区的植物生长,需要了解荒漠土壤资源空间分布和土壤微生物功能.本试验在乌海、磴口和阿拉善采取蒙古沙冬青(Ammopiptanthus mongolicus)根围土壤样品,采用磷脂脂肪酸(PLFA)法结合Sherlock微生物鉴定系统,研究了蒙古沙冬青根围土壤微生物群落空间分布特征.结果表明,蒙古沙冬青根围土壤微生物PLFA有较高的多样性,3样地土壤共检测到41、31和48种磷脂脂肪酸,土壤优势PLFA为16:0、16:0 10-methy1、18:1ω9c和16:1ω7c,均以16:0(表征细菌)含量最大,16:0 10-methy1、18:1ω9c和16:1ω7c在各样地含量有所差异.蒙古沙冬青根围土壤微生物群落结构有明显空间异质性:土壤微生物以革兰氏阳性细菌(G+)为主,AM真菌、革兰氏阳性菌、革兰氏阴性菌(G-)和真菌均表现为阿拉善乌海磴口,而放线菌PLFA总含量表现为乌海阿拉善磴口.在土壤真菌生物量中,AM真菌所占比重最大,尤其在磴口和阿拉善AM真菌占到真菌生物量91%和92%,说明AM真菌是荒漠土壤微生物系统中重要组成成分.RDA分析表明,AM真菌、革兰氏阳性菌、革兰氏阴性菌、真菌和放线菌与土壤磷酸酶、总球囊霉素、氨氮和p H正相关.G+/G-与脲酶、有机碳和易提取球囊霉显著负相关,而真/细菌与易提取球囊霉素,脲酶和有机碳显著正相关.研究说明土壤磷酸酶、总球囊霉素、氨氮和p H是影响土壤微生物PLFA变化的重要因子.同时,土壤微生物群落变化规律可用于检测土地荒漠化和土壤退化状况.