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301.
Mountain biking is an increasingly popular leisure pursuit. Consequences are trail degradation and conflicts with hikers and other users. Resource managers often attempt to resolve these problems by closing trails to mountain biking. In order to estimate the impact of these developments, a model has been devised that predicts the effects of changes in trail characteristics and introduction of access fees, and correlates these with biker preference on trail selection. It estimates each individual's per-ride consumer's surplus associated with implementing different policies. The surplus varies significantly as a function of each individual's gender, budget, and interest in mountain biking. Estimation uses stated preference data, specifically choice experiments. Hypothetical mountain bike trails were created and each surveyed biker was asked to make five pair-wise choices. A benefit-transfer simulation is used to show how the model and parameter estimates can be transferred to estimate the benefits and costs to mountain bikers in a specific area. 相似文献
302.
Summary. Surrogate leaves treated with methanolic leaf
surface extracts of Brassica napus L. (cv Express) plants
that received three different sulphur fertilisation treatments
showed even more marked differences by the oviposition
choice of Delia radicum L. than the potted plants. This
confirms that the oviposition preference of D. radicum is
mediated by chemical compounds on the leaf surface and
that the quality of host-plants in terms of their nutrition
status can be perceived by the female insect.The oviposition data were positively correlated with the
content of fractionated surface extracts containing either
CIF (cabbage identification factor; 1,2-dehydro-3-thia-
4,10,10b-triaza-cyclopenta[.a.]fluorine-1-carboxylic acid)
or glucosinolates. Electrophysiological recordings from the
tarsal chemoreceptor sensilla C5 and D3,4 showed that receptor
neurons react to glucosinolate- and CIF-fractions. We
found that the chemosensory activity of specific glucosinolate-
and CIF-receptor neurons corresponded with the
respective behavioural activity in the oviposition choice
assays. The responses of D. radicum to glucosinolates in
the electrophysiological recordings studies corresponded
to the observed oviposition preference on plants or artificial
leaves characterised with an higher amount of glucosinolates
on leave surfaces. The presented data suggested
that CIF and glucosinolates are involved in host-plant
preference of D. radicum and are perceived by tarsal
chemoreceptors. 相似文献
303.
Robert?R.?HearneEmail author C.?Alejandro?Santos 《Environment, Development and Sustainability》2005,7(3):303-318
Ecotourism has been identified as a low impact means to provide income generating opportunities that are complementary to
nature conservation as well as the welfare of the local population. The Maya Biosphere Reserve in Peten, Guatemala is one
of Central America's largest and most isolated protected areas. And although the area is contains a well-visited archeological
site, it has not been developed for ecotourism. In this study choice experiments are used to analyze the preferences toward
alternative scenarios of ecotourism of two important stakeholder groups: foreign tourists and educated local residents. Results
demonstrate that these two populations of have unequal but similar preference orderings, especially toward: improved national
park management and the presence of guides for wildlife viewing. These stakeholder groups had different opinions toward paved
access roads and the presence of illegal colonists within the protected area. Both populations favored an entrance fee toward
the absence of an entrance fee. These preferences were generally consistent across other socioeconomic indicators.
Readers should send their comments on this paper to: BhaskarNath@aol.com within 3 months of publication of this issue. 相似文献
304.
The results of a discrete choice experiment (DCE) as a part of a survey among the urban riverbank residents on the Red River in Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada, indicated that the risk of over-dike flooding, set at 2 ft above the 1997 flood water level, was a significant determinant of both voluntary and mandatory evacuation, compared to those set at the 1996 or 1997 levels. Mandatory evacuation was more preferred over voluntary evacuation when the likelihood of flooding was at its most severe, and the opposite relationship was the case when the likelihood was low. The notification time for evacuation, suggested as 1, 2, and 4 days, proved to be an insignificant attribute, whereas the respondents indicated significant preference for full flood compensation over an offer of either 80% or 90% flood relief, irrespective of the alternatives of voluntary or mandatory evacuation. 相似文献
305.
INTRODUCTION: To evaluate the benefits of road transport safety projects, planners need the monetary value of averting fatal and severe injuries. Usually, contingent valuation and risk-risk studies have been used. The contexts posed by both survey techniques do not represent the choice situation a driver faces when having to choose among alternative routes with different levels of safety. METHOD: We set up a stated choice web page survey in which individuals had to choose between two routes for a hypothetical trip between two cities; thus implicitly revealing their preferences for safety both in terms of reducing the number of fatal victims and of severely injured victims. RESULTS: For Chilean routes we were able to estimate approximate values of US$300,000 and US$140,000 for a reduction in one fatality and one severely injured victim, respectively. IMPACTS: Our evidence could be valuable for road planners in other developing nations. 相似文献
306.
如何选择除尘机是生产单位经常遇到的实际问题,LZ型袋式除尘机是一种高效净化除尘设备。通过对LZ型袋式除尘机主要参数的合理选择和设计。满足了锅炉膜式水冷壁自动焊接生产线上管子磨光机的除尘净化,为类似工艺的粉尘回收提供了一种较理想的机型。 相似文献
307.
Method: A statewide telephone survey of Michigan drivers and former drivers aged 65 and older collected information on transportation mode choices, experience with alternatives to driving, and whether drivers planned for when they could no longer drive. Results: Results showed that most older adult households owned at least one automobile, and that the automobile was the primary mode of transportation. Most former drivers obtained rides from relatives and friends. Use of public transportation was low, and some seniors were not aware of available public transportation services. Older drivers did not plan for driving cessation. Over half the drivers who perceived a likelihood of driving problems within 5 years expected to keep driving beyond 5 years. Impact on industry: Because of their lifelong reliance on the automobile, their desire to drive themselves, and their lack of experience with public transportation, efforts to enhance the mobility of older people should consider this background while alternatives to the personal automobile are developed. 相似文献
308.
旅游时空模式与目的地的选择 总被引:8,自引:1,他引:7
旅游时空因素和旅游目的地的选择具有微妙而复杂的关系。本文把旅游资源市场、旅游目的地以及旅游活动和旅游行为动态地纳入旅游时空模式之中进行分析,探讨了施游时空因素与目的地选择之间的关系,并从大、中、小3个尺度分析了目标市场的旅游时空行为。 相似文献
309.
Mark Sagoff 《Environmental management》1996,20(6):897-911
This paper describes two frameworks—utilitarian and Kantian—society uses to make decisions concerning environmental management and, in particular, species protection. The utilitarian framework emphasizes the consequences of choices for prior preferences. A perfectly competitive market, on this model, correctly values environmental resources. The Kantian approach identifies rules appropriate to recognized situations given the identity of the decision maker. It relies on democratic political processes and institutions to provide the means by which citizens determine the identity of their community—its moral character and aspirations—and match appropriate rules to recognized situations. This paper argues that markets do not fail in any general way in measuring the economic value of plants and animals. Market prices, in general, correctly represent the marginal or exchange value of species. If society legislates against extinction, this must be understood as an exercise in Kantian decision making in view of the moral value of species, not as an attempt to correct a market failure or to promote social welfare or utility. 相似文献
310.
Public Preferences for Compensatory Mitigation of Salt Marsh Losses: a Contingent Choice of Alternatives 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Abstract: Human activities continue to eliminate or degrade wetlands that provide rich habitat for many species. Compensatory mitigation, including creation of new wetlands, restoration of previously degraded wetlands, or preservation of existing wetlands, is one policy option that seeks to maintain no net loss of wetland habitat. Public support of wetland mitigation is essential because the public incurs the cost for many mitigation projects in the form of higher taxes. Therefore, public preferences should be considered when decisions are made about wetland mitigation options. We used a contingent-choice survey in Rhode Island to identify factors affecting public support for different types of compensatory wetland mitigation. Results were based on 640 survey responses. The amount of wetland lost during the original development project had no significant effect on the preferred mitigation alternative. Preferences for preservation, restoration, and no-action alternatives varied according to respondents' gender, education, and income. Certain general considerations applied, however, regardless of mitigation type. Respondents were willing to incur increases in taxes and fees for most mitigation projects. The larger the mitigation project and the lower the cost, the more likely it was to gain public support. The presence of endangered species contributed to public support, but less significantly than public access. Public access can be critical to public support, particularly if the size of the wetland is small or the cost is high. If the cost of providing public access, such as a boardwalk or viewing tower, is relatively small, the gain in public support for mitigation expenditures may well allow a substantial expansion of the area involved in mitigation projects and thus a greater increase in the amount of habitat conservation. 相似文献