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381.
Hongyun Han Sheng Xia Hanning Li 《Journal of Environmental Planning and Management》2018,61(4):568-596
This study employs a unique household-level data-set to investigate the effectiveness of various waste separation policies under consideration of local socioeconomic contexts. Our results confirm previous findings that most demographic factors are generally not statistically significant. The findings suggest that waste separation knowledge, social capital, free provision of sortable containers and community collecting recyclables are positively associated with household involvement in waste separation. More importantly, while an increase in the garbage fee motivates non-sorting households to separate their waste into two categories of recyclables and non-recyclables, it also crowds out households’ preexisting motivations for sorting waste into three or more categories. The introduction of a garbage fee indeed substitutes rather than complements free provision of sortable containers and community collection of recyclables. Apart from actively fostering the creation of social capital, local authorities should, therefore, comprehensively design a compatible policy mix to adjust and optimize current management schemes for enhancing waste management practices. 相似文献
382.
基于选择实验法的耕地生态补偿额度测算 总被引:9,自引:0,他引:9
生态补偿机制是一种有效协调耕地保护与经济发展矛保盾的经济激励措施。其中,生态补偿额度的确定是补偿机制构建的核心和难点。论文以武汉市民的调查为实例,从利益相关者的视角应用选择实验法模拟和构建耕地生态补偿政策及其交易市场,测算出武汉市民对不同耕地保护属性水平的偏好及不同组合方案的福利水平价值变化差异,从而间接得出市民对耕地资源生态补偿的支付意愿及额度。研究结果表明:对保护耕地资源而言,市民更关注耕地周边景观与生态环境属性,并愿意为耕地周边景观与生态环境的改善每年支付154元;众多属性组合中,市民愿意支付的最佳组合为方案7,即耕地面积属性保持不变、耕地质量与肥力属性改善、耕地周边景观与生态环境属性改善的组合方案,其支付意愿为每年247元。不同组合方案的福利水平价值差异化,为耕地生态补偿机制建设中确定具有一定弹性的生态补偿标准提供了参考依据。 相似文献
383.
Car users underestimate their potential satisfaction with public transport due to a focusing illusion (i.e., focusing on a too narrow range of aspects related to the focal event). To investigate whether a defocusing technique would increase car users’ predicted satisfaction with public transport, the effects of defocusing techniques, generic (Study 1) and self-relevant (Study 2), were investigated. In Study 1 (estimate daily time spent on ten pre-selected activities), the generic defocusing technique did not generate higher predicted satisfaction with public transport. In Study 2, the self-relevant defocusing technique generated higher predicted satisfaction on quality attributes, namely satisfaction with the number of departures, the number of available seats and the condition of the vehicles, in comparison with controls. It is concluded that the self-relevant defocusing technique applied in Study 2 (state your various everyday activities and describe how much time you engage in them) was successful in making car users take into account activities in life that will remain unchanged if they were to use public transport for their daily travel. Additionally, in Studies 1 and 2, it was found that car-use habit, regardless of the experimental condition, influenced the magnitude of predicted satisfaction, that is, the higher the car-use habit, the lower the predicted satisfaction with public transport. 相似文献
384.
385.
Advanced oxidation technologies such as ozonation have been proposed to improve removal efficiency of micropollutants during wastewater treatment. In a meta-analysis of peer-reviewed literature, we found no ecotoxicological effects of wastewater ozonation on invertebrates (n = 82), but significant adverse effects on bacteria (n = 24) and fish (n = 5). As information on functional endpoints or trophic interactions is lacking, we applied a bioassay relating to leaf litter decomposition to fill this gap. Leaf discs exposed to ozone-treated wastewater with a high (1.04 mg O3 (mg DOC)−1, n = 49) ozone concentration were significantly preferred by an aquatic detritivore, Gammarus fossarum, over discs conditioned in wastewater not treated with ozone. This effect might have been mediated by reduced bacterial and elevated fungal biomass, and appears to be the first demonstration of wastewater ozonation impacts on invertebrates and an associated ecosystem process. In accordance with the food-choice trials, chemical analyses revealed significantly decreased concentrations of organic micropollutants in wastewater treated with ozone at high concentrations. Thus, food-choice trials as applied here hold promise to assess environmental effects of advanced oxidation technologies in wastewater treatment and appear to be a valuable complement to the ecotoxicological toolbox in general. 相似文献
386.
This paper examines ex-post 51 investment decisions made in regard to copper mines coming on stream from 1957 through 1999. It discusses two critical variables: investment timing and mine capacity choice. Using a 15% discount rate, results suggest that fewer than half of decisions were made at the right time – i.e., low price periods – confirming countercyclical investment as the optimal policy. In terms of capacity choice, the distortion is even higher, as 36 projects should have entered at least 40% larger or smaller. Realized investment decisions for timing and capacity choice would have caused a 49.1% loss over the NPV potentially achievable under optimal resolutions. Although the difference could be specifically attributed to copper price uncertainty, this paper discusses how investment evaluation methodologies could be contributing to firms not being fully rational (in the neoclassical sense) when investing. 相似文献
387.
388.
Advertisement call duration indicates good genes for offspring feeding rate in gray tree frogs (Hyla versicolor) 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Indicator or ”good genes” models of sexual selection predict that mating preferences allow females to choose mates that are
genetically superior. Female gray tree frogs (Hyla versicolor) prefer male advertisement calls of long call duration, which can be indicators of enhanced offspring growth performance.
We tested the effects of father’s call duration and the presence of a caged predator (dragonfly naiad) on tadpole activity
and growth in a factorial experiment, controlling for maternal and environmental effects. The effect of food availability
(a repeated measure) on tadpole activity was also examined. Tadpoles responded to predator presence and to high food availability
by decreasing activity and feeding. Tadpoles exposed to a caged predator were smaller after 14 days than those exposed to
an empty cage, suggesting that spending less time feeding carries the cost of reduced growth. Offspring of males with long
versus short calls responded similarly to the presence of a predator. Nonetheless, offspring of long-calling males spent more
time feeding than did offspring of short-calling males, except when a predator was present but no food was available. Increased
time spent feeding may contribute to enhanced offspring growth and, therefore, to the indirect benefit that a female may realize
by selecting a mate with long calls. However, because the behavioral differences depended on the environment, and because
the fitness consequences of such behavioral differences should also vary with the environment, the benefit of mating with
a long-calling male may depend on the conditions encountered by the offspring.
Received: 15 February 2000 / Revised: 24 September 2000 / Accepted: 16 October 2000 相似文献
389.
The effect of male coloration on female mate choice in closely related Lake Victoria cichlids (Haplochromis nyererei complex) 总被引:12,自引:3,他引:9
We studied the effect of male coloration on interspecific female mate choice in two closely related species of haplochromine
cichlids from Lake Victoria. The species differ primarily in male coloration. Males of one species are red, those of the other
are blue. We recorded the behavioral responses of females to males of both species in paired male trials under white light
and under monochromatic light, under which the interspecific differences in coloration were masked. Females of both species
exhibited species-assortative mate choice when colour differences were visible, but chose non-assortatively when colour differences
were masked by light conditions. Neither male behaviour nor overall female response frequencies differed between light treatments.
That female preferences could be altered by manipulating the perceived colour pattern implies that the colour itself is used
in interspecific mate choice, rather than other characters. Hence, male coloration in haplochromine cichlids does underlie
sexual selection by direct mate choice, involving the capacity for individual assessment of potential mates by the female.
Females of both species responded more frequently to blue males under monochromatic light. Blue males were larger and displayed
more than red males. This implies a hierarchy of choice criteria. Females may use male display rates, size, or both when colour
is unavailable. Where available, colour has gained dominance over other criteria. This may explain rapid speciation by sexual
selection on male coloration, as proposed in a recent mathematical model.
Received: 11 April 1997 / Accepted after revision: 27 July 1997 相似文献
390.
Dana Marie Bauer Stephen K. Swallow Robert J. Johnston 《Journal of Land Use Science》2017,12(5):351-374
Most land-use surveys of exurban residents focus on eliciting preferences for residential development and open space conservation. This article, in contrast, reports on a stated preference study of exurban residents that assesses the relative attractiveness of a variety of commercial and recreational land uses. Focus group participants and town planners proclaimed a demand for certain commercial services such as modern grocery stores and fine-dining restaurants, but survey respondents generally exhibit a strong preference for no additional development beyond the current rate of development. Results show that if additional development is to occur, then recreational services are generally preferred over more traditional commercial development. Combining two commercial services in a single development project are strongly preferred to stand-alone developments. Our approach illustrates how planners may uncover misconceptions about and priorities for land conversion through examining residents’ preferences. 相似文献