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81.
Putten IE Jennings SM Louviere JJ Burgess LB 《Journal of environmental management》2011,92(10):2647-2656
An empirical model of landowners' conservation incentive program choice is developed in which information about landowners' socio-economic and property characteristics and their attitudes, is combined with incentive program attributes. In a Choice survey landowners were presented with the choice of two incentive programs modelled as 'bundles of attributes' mimicking a voluntary choice scenario. Landowner behaviour and decision and the type of conditions and regulations they preferred were analyzed. Based on choice survey data, landowner heterogeneity was accounted for using a latent class approach to estimate the preference parameters. Three latent classes of landowners with different attitudes to the role and outcome of establishing conservation reserves on private land were identified: multi-objective owners; environment owners; and production owners. Only a small proportion of landowners, mostly environment owners, would voluntarily join a program. Although compensation funding contributed to voluntary program choice for multi-objective owners and environment owners, welfare losses were around 4000 AUD per hectare, which is less than the average agricultural land value in Tasmania. Landowners for whom compensation funding contributed to voluntary program choice were also most likely to set aside land for conservation without payment. This raises the possibility that the government's compensation expenditure could potentially be either reduced or re-allocated to landowners who will not voluntarily take conservation action. Increasing participation in conservation incentive programs and minimizing the welfare losses associated with meeting conservation targets may be best achieved by offering programs that allow flexibility in terms of legal arrangements and other program attributes. 相似文献
82.
学校安全教育的主要模式、驱动机制与路径选择 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
李全庆 《中国安全生产科学技术》2011,7(6):168-171
学校安全教育模式是保障学校安全教育效果的关键。准确界定学校安全教育模式的概念内涵,精炼概括学校安全教育两种模式—传统模式和现代模式,在学校安全教育系统中应同时采用传统模式和现代模式,使其相互补充则是学校安全教育的发展趋势,并从法律保障—法律、法规和政策的健全、内驱动力—对比较利益的追求、外驱动力—教育现代化三个方面深刻剖析学校安全教育的驱动机制,从而提出学校安全教育的路径选择。 相似文献
83.
Is a voluntary approach an effective environmental policy instrument?: A case for environmental management systems 总被引:6,自引:0,他引:6
Toshi H. Arimura Akira Hibiki Hajime Katayama 《Journal of Environmental Economics and Management》2008,55(3):281-295
Using Japanese facility-level data from an OECD survey, we estimate the effects of implementation of ISO14001 and publication of environmental reports on the facilities’ environmental performance. While most previous studies focused on an index of emissions toxicity, this study examines three areas of impacts, none of which have been explored in the literature: natural resource use, solid waste generation, and wastewater effluent. The study is also unique in that the effectiveness of ISO14001 is considered in relation to environmental regulations. Our findings are summarized as follows. First, both ISO14001 and report publication help reduce all three impacts; the former appears more effective in all areas except wastewater. Second, environmental regulations do not weaken the effect of ISO14001. Third, assistance programs offered by local governments—a voluntary approach—promote facilities’ adoption of ISO14001. These findings suggest that governments can use command-and-control and voluntary approaches concurrently. 相似文献
84.
We performed male attraction experiments and staged courtship sequences to test for non-random mating with respect to social
behavioral phenotype in the comb-footed spider, Anelosimus studiosus. While asocial behavior is the dominant phenotype in all A. studiosus populations examined to date, a social phenotype approaches a frequency of 15% in colder environments. We collected test
subjects from higher latitude polymorphic populations and scored all individuals as to their behavioral phenotype prior to
their use in these trials. Males of both phenotypes differentially approached and courted social females over asocial females
and no-spider controls. By offering males different numbers of females of one type vs. the other in subsequent trials, we
determined that the difference in attractiveness between the two phenotypes social/asocial is 1.5/1. Both the web produced
by a female and a female that has been removed from its web attract males. We suggest that the male attracting pheromone is
present on females and is also attached to silk threads. Staged encounters completed between males and females of the respective
phenotypes demonstrated that courting males suffer significantly less pre-copulatory sexual cannibalism with social females
than with asocial ones, and thus, female social tendency is phenotypically linked to sexual aggression. We propose that the
male preference for social females is adaptive because of the observed asymmetry in courtship success. 相似文献
85.
Pheromone-based female mate choice and its effect on reproductive investment in a spitting spider 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Teck Hui Koh Wee Khee Seah Laura-Marie Y. L. Yap Daiqin Li 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》2009,63(6):923-930
Numerous studies have focused on whether organisms can signal or perceive pheromones and use chemical signals in species and
mate recognition. Recently, there have been an increasing number of studies investigating whether pheromones are used in mate
choice. Yet, little attention has been paid in exploring the effects of pheromone-based mate choice on reproductive investment.
We first tested this hypothesis by providing virgin Scytodes sp. females with a choice between two virgin males in the presence of chemical signals alone and found strong evidence of
an odor-based mate preference. We then examined the consequences of the odor-based mate choice by allowing female Scytodes sp. that had previously made an odor-only mate choice to mate with preferred and non-preferred males, respectively. We measured
the success of copulation, mortality of male, pre-oviposition interval, egg-sac weight, egg weight, fecundity, fertility,
embryonic period, and size of offspring at hatching. Females that mated with the preferred males produced significantly heavier
egg sacs that contained more and larger eggs with a greater fertility. Significantly more non-preferred males than preferred
males were killed by spitting. However, pre-oviposition interval, embryonic period, and hatchling size were not affected by
female mate choice. This study is the first to demonstrate that female spiders are able to regulate their highly valuable
reproductive investment based solely on chemical signals. 相似文献
86.
化学工程固沙在塔里木沙漠公路沙害防治中的适宜性 总被引:27,自引:0,他引:27
由于天然材料日益紧缺 ,研制适宜于流动性沙漠地区公路沙害防治的人工替代材料势在必行 .结合塔里木沙漠公路沙害环境 ,实验室优选出 L VA、LVP、WBS和 STB 4种抗性较好的固沙剂 ,对其理化性能、粘结体力学性能和抗风蚀性能等测试结果表明 :颗粒粒径 0.2μm~ 0.5μm,粘度 12 Pa·s~ 15Pa·s;10℃~70℃温度下无沉淀 ,不燃烧 ;实验抗压强度 1.0 MPa~12.1 MPa;10℃~-20℃低温下重量损失率 0%~ 1.8%;紫外光照射 300h强度损失率 0%~ 42%;在 5m·s-1~253m·s-1实验风速下 ,风蚀量 0g·(106cm2·h)-1~4.0 g·(106cm2·h)-1 ;现场试验固结层厚度 0.2 mm~0.5mm,强度高 .化学工程固沙技术适宜于塔里木沙漠公路沙害防治 . 相似文献
87.
Donelle M. Robinson Andrea S. Aspbury Caitlin R. Gabor 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》2008,62(5):705-711
Selection should favor strategies that reduce costs associated with spermatogenesis. This is especially true when males are
sympatric with closely related species, and must avoid heterospecific matings, as in the unisexual–bisexual species complex
of mollies. Male sailfin mollies, Poecilia latipinna, are sexually parasitized by Amazon mollies (P. formosa), and produce more sperm in the presence of female sailfin mollies than in the presence of Amazon mollies. We tested the
hypothesis that male sailfin mollies differentially expend sperm when mating with either conspecific or heterospecific females.
We measured sperm expenditure by determining the amount of sperm males have remaining after mating. Male sailfin mollies had
more sperm available after mating with female sailfin mollies than after mating with Amazon mollies. While this result could
indicate higher sperm expenditure to Amazon mollies, males mating with female sailfin mollies had more sperm available after
mating than their baseline sperm reserves. Spermiation, the last stage of spermatogenesis, could be triggered by physical
contact with females, and could increase sperm availability during mating. We examined the relationship between sperm availability
and the amount of time that males mated with females. We found that sperm availability increased as mating trial time increased
with female sailfin mollies, but not with Amazon mollies. Spermiation in the presence of conspecific female stimuli could
reduce physiological costs associated with spermatogenesis while increasing the amount and quality of sperm available for
sperm competition. We suggest that future studies examining sperm priming and expenditure should consider the potential for
spermiation. 相似文献
88.
Sjouke A. Kingma István Szentirmai Tamás Székely Veronika Bókony Maarten Bleeker András Liker Jan Komdeur 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》2008,62(8):1277-1288
Melanin-based ornaments are often involved in signaling aggression and dominance, and their role in sexual selection is increasingly
recognized. We investigated the functions of a melanin-based plumage ornament (facial ‘mask’) in male Eurasian penduline tits
Remiz pendulinus in the contexts of male–male aggression, mating success, and parental care. The penduline tit is a passerine bird with a
unique mating system in which both sexes may mate with several mates in a breeding season, and one (or both) parent deserts
the clutch. Our study revealed that mask size of males is more likely an honest signal used by females in their mate choice
decisions than a trait involved in male–male competition. First, mask size increased with both age and body condition, indicating
that the mask may signal male quality. Second, males with larger masks paired more quickly and had more mates over the breeding
season than males with smaller masks. Third, we found no evidence that male mask size signals male–male aggression or dominance
during competitive encounters. The increased mating success of large-masked males, however, did not translate into higher
reproductive success, as nestling survival decreased with mask size. Therefore, we conclude that there is either no directional
selection on male mask size or males with larger masks receive indirect, long-term benefits. 相似文献
89.
Carlos César Martínez-Rivera H. Carl Gerhardt 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》2008,63(2):195-208
Senders and receivers influence dynamic characteristics of the signals used for mate attraction over different time scales.
On a moment-to-moment basis, interactions among senders competing for a mate influence dynamic characteristics, whereas the
preferences of receivers of the opposite gender exert an influence over evolutionary time. We observed and recorded the calling
patterns of the bird-voiced treefrog Hyla avivoca to assess how the dynamic characters of calls vary during interactions among groups of males in a chorus. This question was
also addressed using playback experiments with males. Playback experiments with females showed how changes in dynamic call
properties are likely to affect male mating success. Frogs calling in pairs, groups, or in response to playbacks produced
longer calls than did isolated males. During call overlap, males often increased the duration of the silent interval (gaps)
between the pulses of their calls so that the pulses of the calls of two neighbors interdigitated. This change resulted in
increased variability of pulse rate, a traditionally static acoustic property; however, males also produced high proportions
of non-overlapped calls in which variability in pulse rate was low and had species-typical values. Females preferred long
calls to short- and average-duration calls, and non-overlapped calls to overlapped calls. Given a choice between pairs of
overlapped calls, females preferred pairs in which the proportion of overlap was low and pairs in which the pulses of such
calls interdigitated completely. The observed patterns of vocal competition thus reflect the preferences of conspecific females,
which have influenced the evolution of the calling behavior of H. avivoca.
Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. 相似文献
90.