紫外光谱结合正交试验设计同时测定水中苯系物

利用正交试验设计,以光谱预处理、特征筛选及多元校正方法为考察因素,每个因素的4种不同方法为水平,确定了水中3种苯系物（苯酚、苯胺及苯甲酸）紫外光谱数据的最佳分析方法,从而建立了其定量校正模型。对于苯酚、苯胺及苯甲酸,其光谱预处理、特征筛选及多元校正分别采用一阶导数+无信息变量消除法（UVE）+偏最小二乘回归（PLSR）,Savitzky-Golay平滑+变量结合种群分析法（VCPA）+PLSR,Savitzky-Golay平滑+移动窗口偏最小二乘法（MWPLS）+PLSR。在独立测试集上3组分的预测误差均方根（RMSEP）分别为0.809 4、0.796 3和0.945 4。水样加标回收实验的回收率为97.79%~103.84%,相对标准偏差（RSD）小于3%。该方法可作为一种同时测定水中苯系物的简便有效方法。     

Influence of organic loading on an anaerobic sequencing biofilm batch reactor (ASBBR) as a function of cycle period and wastewater concentration

The effect of organic loading on the performance of a mechanically stirred anaerobic sequencing biofilm batch reactor (ASBBR) has been investigated, by varying influent concentration and cycle period. For microbial immobilization 1-cm polyurethane foam cubes were used. An agitation rate of 500 rpm and temperature of 30+/-2 degrees C were employed. Organic loading rates (OLR) of 1.5-6.0gCODl(-1)d(-1) were applied to the 6.3-l reactor treating 2.0 l synthetic wastewater in 8 and 12-h batches and at concentrations of 500-2000mgCODl(-1), making it possible to analyze the effect of these two operation variables for the same organic loading range. Microbial immobilization on inert support maintained approximately 60 gTVS in the reactor. Filtered sample organic COD removal efficiencies ranged from 73 to 88% for organic loading up to 5.4gCODl(-1)d(-1). For higher organic loading (influent concentration of 2000mgCODl(-1) and 8-h cycle) the system presented total volatile acids accumulation, which reduced organics removal efficiency down to 55%. In this way, ASBBR with immobilized biomass was shown to be efficient for organic removal at organic loading rates of up to 5.4gCODl(-1)d(-1) and to be more stable to organic loading variations for 12-h cycles. This reactor might be an alternative to intermittent systems as it possesses greater operational flexibility. It might also be an alternative to batch systems suspended with microorganisms since it eliminates both the uncertainties regarding granulation and the time necessary for biomass sedimentation, hence reducing the total cycle period.     

AFS-830型双道原子荧光光度计同时测定饮用水中砷、汞

主要探讨应用AFS-830型双道原子荧光光度计，在饮用水监测中同时测定水中砷、汞的方法和技术。此法是在硝酸介质，以硼氢化钠作还原剂，进行原子化，被测元素原子激发出荧光强度值在一定范围内与被测元素的浓度成正比。砷与汞的检出限分别为0．0618和0．0158ug／L。     

Critical considerations for future action during the second commitment period: A small islands' perspective

If the objective of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) is to be achieved, Parties must commit themselves to meeting meaningful long‐term targets that, based on current knowledge, would minimize the possibility of irreversible climate change. Current indications are that a global mean temperature rise in excess of 2–3 °C would enhance the risk of destabilizing the climate system as we know it, and possibly lead to catastrophic change such as a shutdown of the deep ocean circulation, and the disintegration of the West Arctic Ice Sheet. Observations have shown that for many small island developing States (SIDS), life‐sustaining ecosystems such as coral reefs, already living near the limit of thermal tolerance, are highly climate‐sensitive, and can suffer severe damage from exposure to sea temperatures as low as 1 °C above the seasonal maximum. Other natural systems (e.g., mangroves) are similarly susceptible to relatively low temperature increases, coupled with small increments of sea level rise. Economic and social sectors, including agriculture and human health, face similar challenges from the likely impacts of projected climate change. In light of known thresholds, this paper presents the view that SIDS should seek support for a temperature cap not exceeding 1.5–2.0 °C above the pre‐industrial mean. It is argued that a less stringent post‐Kyoto target would frustrate achievement of the UNFCCC objective. The view is expressed that all countries which emit significant amounts of greenhouse gases should commit to binding reduction targets in the second commitment period, but that targets for developing countries should be less stringent than those agreed for developed countries. Such an arrangement would be faithful to the principles of equity and would ensure that the right of Parties to attain developed country status would not be abrogated.     

军用浸渍活性炭中银含量测定方法——火焰原子吸收分光光度法

本研究建立了一种用空气-乙炔火焰原子吸收分光光度法测定浸渍活性炭中银含量的分析方法，对酸介质浓度、共存元素的干扰进行了探讨，在0—1．0ml沪范围内，银含量与吸光度呈线性关系，相关系数为0．9999。对09型浸渍活性炭标准物质进行测定，测定结果的相对标准偏差为0．191％（n=10），加标回收率为97．5％-101．4％。     

纳氏试剂比色法测定氨氮的问题及修正

预蒸馏—纳氏试剂比色法测定污水中氨氮实验中，硼酸与氢氧化钠用量影响有色胶体的稳定和测定的灵敏度，本文研究了影响规律，发现氢氧化钠有增敏作用，提出工作曲线应使用经过校正的标准曲线，校正曲线绘制及水样分析时，采用溶液中Ｈ３ＢＯ３含量为０．４％、ＭａＯＨ含量为０．２ｍｏｌ／Ｌ显色溶液胶体稳定时间长达１２小时以上，线性范围扩展为０～９ｍｇ／ｉ，最低检出浓度为０．０１５ｍｇ／ｌ     

2014年春节期间北京市空气质量分析

对2014年1月30日(除夕)13时到1月31日(初一)12时期间北京市官园、怀柔和良乡监测站的CO、SO2、NOx、PM10、PM2.5浓度及PM2.5化学组分和能见度等监测数据进行分析,探讨了污染源减排和烟花爆竹燃放对北京市空气质量的叠加影响.研究发现,烟花爆竹的集中燃放会在短时间内造成严重的大气污染,其中,对PM10、PM2.5和SO2的影响最为显著.官园、怀柔和良乡监测站在1月31日凌晨1时的PM10浓度值分别为377.8、253.2和627.0μg·m-3,分别为1、2月份平均值的2.4、2.0和3.6倍;PM2.5浓度值分别为292.0、184.7和522.4μg·m-3,分别为1、2月份平均值的2.1、1.5和3.2倍.烟花爆竹的燃放对PM2.5化学组分中的K+、SO2-4、Cl-、Mg2+和Na+等影响最大,1月31日凌晨1时这5种离子在PM2.5浓度中占的比例高达92.1%.烟花爆竹的燃放造成1月31日凌晨1时监测中心和良乡的能见度分别降至2422 m和3591 m,是1、2月份能见度均值的22.9%和32.8%.2010—2014年"春节半月"期间官园、怀柔和良乡PM10平均浓度大多低于冬季均值和年均值,2014年"春节半月"这3个监测站的PM2.5浓度相比于冬季均值分别下降了33.3%、20.6%和39.2%,表明污染源减排对空气质量的正影响非常明显.     

Rapid and simple spectrophotometric determination of persulfate in water by microwave assisted decolorization of Methylene Blue

A rapid and simple method for determination of persulfate in aqueous solution was developed. The method is based on the rapid reaction of persulfate with Methylene Blue(MB) via domestic microwave activation, which can promote the activation of persulfate and decolorize MB quickly. The depletion of MB at 644 nm(the maximum absorption wavelength of MB) is in proportion to the increasing concentration of persulfate in aqueous solution. Linear calibration curve was obtained in the range 0–1.5 mmol/L, with a limit of detection of 0.0028 mmol/L. The reaction time is rapid(within 60 sec), which is much shorter than that used for conventional methods. Compared with existing analytical methods, it need not any additives, especially colorful Fe2+, and need not any pretreatment for samples, such as p H adjustment.     

秸秆沼气综合利用项目运营期的环境影响评价研究

根据环境影响评价的方法和导则,分析了秸秆沼气综合利用项目运营期对环境产生的不良影响,预测和评价了运营期的大气、废水和噪声污染.结果表明,运营期排放的废水可以满足《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》(GB 18918-2002)一级A标准;烟(粉)尘、SO2是大气污染物的主要成分,项目高噪设备在厂界四周的噪声叠加值满足噪声排放标准.同时提出了相应的环保措施,总结了此类项目环境影响评价的特点.