川西地区水能资源优势、开发障碍及战略

川西地区包括甘改，阿坝，凉山，雅安，攀枝花，乐山和眉山七个州市。金沙江水电基地，雅砻江水电基地和大渡河水是基地集中分布该区域，是长江上游水能资源富集区的核心。从水系和行政区方面分析该地区水能资源分布状况，国际国内比较优势，开发利用水平，管理体制，丰枯矛盾和资金短缺等。最后提出以溪落渡，向家坝，瀑布沟和独松电站为主的开发重点；华东，西北市场开发为主的市场开拓战略方向；四川电网与华东，西北电网的联网建设，以电代柴保生态的战略；规范集资办电的投融资制度，实行项目资本金制度，明晰产权关系，进行现代化企业制度的改制方向和实行企业所得税优惠政策。     

Natural vs. plantation forests: A case study of land reclamation strategies for the humid tropics

Biomass and productivity were compared in two plantations and in one stand of natural regeneration on similar sites in a premontane moist forest region of Puerto Rico. While initial growth rates of plantation species were higher, after four decades productivity of the natural regeneration plots was equal to or greater than productivity of the plantations. For the first 44 years, aboveground biomass of natural regeneration increased at an average annual rate of 3.8t·ha^–1·yr^–1, but the last year of the study it was 14.7t·ha^–1. Biomass increment of a pine plantation averaged between 8 and 10.5t·ha^–1·yr^–1 except for one year when the rate was much lower, possibly because of hurricane damage. A tropical hardwood plantation averaged close to 4t·ha^–1·yr^–1 for 41 years. It is suggested that in countries where funds for land reclamation are limited, intensive plantations may not always be the best strategy. Natural regeneration or shelterbelt plantations may be suitable alternatives.     

论中国特色的高职环境教育--兼谈中国环境管理干部学院发展之路

本文在中国高等教育和环境保护的大背景下，分析了中国高职环境教育的迫切性与重要性，探讨了高职环境教育的中国特色及其内涵，并指出了中国环境管理干部学院如何走中国特色的高职环境教育发展之路。     

贵州省旅游资源特性及其开发

揭示了贵州旅游资源的独特个性,深入探讨了贵州旅游业的形象定位--奇异秀美的喀斯特王国、神秘独特的地域文化旅游区,对贵州客源市场进行了细分和定位,并强调贵州近期应主抓普通兴趣旅游,但也要特别重视和扶持发展极有潜力的特殊兴趣旅游,最后提出了搞好贵州旅游开发营销的4点措施.     

对西部欠发达地区环保投入机制的思考

以长江上游地区为例，分析了西部欠发达地区环保投入机制存在的问题及原因，认为西部欠发达地区构建环保投入机制的基本思路是：畅通现有的环保投入渠道，开辟新的环保投入渠道，增加环保投入的供给；加强对环保投入资金、环保项目及工程的管理，提高环保投入资金的使用效果，压缩环保投入的需求。     

INFLUENCE OF DIFFERENT TEMPORAL SAMPLING STRATEGIES ON ESTIMATING TOTAL PHOSPHORUS AND SUSPENDED SEDIMENT CONCENTRATION AND TRANSPORT IN SMALL STREAMS1

ABSTRACT: Various temporal sampling strategies are used to monitor water quality in small streams. To determine how various strategies influence the estimated water quality, frequently collected water quality data from eight small streams (14 to 110 km²) in Wisconsin were systematically subsampled to simulate typically used strategies. These subsets of data were then used to estimate mean, median, and maximum concentrations, and with continuous daily flows used to estimate annual loads (using the regression method) and volumetrically weighted mean concentrations. For each strategy, accuracy and precision in each summary statistic were evaluated by comparison with concentrations and loads of total phosphorus and suspended sediment estimated from all available data. The most effective sampling strategy depends on the statistic of interest and study duration. For mean and median concentrations, the most frequent fixed period sampling economically feasible is best. For maximum concentrations, any strategy with samples at or prior to peak flow is best. The best sampling strategy to estimate loads depends on the study duration. For one‐year studies, fixed period monthly sampling supplemented with storm chasing was best, even though loads were overestimated by 25 to 50 percent. For two to three‐year load studies and estimating volumetrically weighted mean concentrations, fixed period semimonthly sampling was best.     

MEASURING CONSUMER SURPLUS BENEFITS OF WATER SUPPLY EXTENSIONS IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES1

ABSTRACT: For investments in water mains serving new households, consumer surplus benefits may far outweigh those measured by revenues recoupled from user fees. While consumer surplus might be capitalized in the value of sites with access to mains, empirical attempts to measure such capitalization have not proved inveriably successful. In this note an alternative technique based upon the direct estimation of the demand curve is applied. An analysis of Penang Island, Malaysia indicates that the consumer surplus benefits are one and one-half times greater than the revenues recoupled through user fees. The applicability of this technique to cost-benefit analysis of water supply investments is discussed.     

我国拥挤踩踏事故发生规律、诱发因素及防控策略

为有效防范拥挤踩踏事故发生,减少事故造成的损失,运用统计分析法和案例分析法对2000-2014年我国拥挤踩踏事故发生规律和诱发因素进行研究。结果表明:我国拥挤踩踏事故发生次数及人员伤亡年际变化较大,总体呈现下降的趋势;秋季踩踏事故发生次数及人员伤亡最多,冬季次之,春夏季节最少;拥挤踩踏事故主要发生在内陆中南部、西北和西南边疆等地区; 学校、商场及节庆场地和楼梯（台阶）是踩踏事故易发场所位置;人为因素、场所因素、管理因素和自然因素是拥挤踩踏事故四大诱发因素。根据踩踏事故发生规律和诱发因素分析,构建踩踏事故防控的PPC模型并提出具体的防控策略,为相关部门预防和处置事故提供决策支持。     

Reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation (REDD) projects: lessons for future policy design and implementation

In response to the pressing global challenges of climate change, initiatives under the auspices of ‘reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation’ (REDD) have been implemented in over 30 developing and least-developed countries since 2005. The initiatives cover nearly every significant and vulnerable forest ecosystem worldwide. In this study we review six representative initiatives, two each from Africa, Asia and Latin America. Strength, weakness, opportunity and threat analysis is done to evaluate each initiative's policy framework, design, implementation and results thus far. The main policy and project implementation factors that appear to lead to effective and successful REDD project outcomes include having clearly formulated project design; governance, land tenure rights and capacity; equity and transparency; indigenous peoples' rights and knowledge; local–international coordination; and enhancing local and institutional capacities. Based on these findings, we provide recommendations for future REDD policy action and project implementation to make it work for the poor and achieve its intended goals.     

Responding to security threats: livelihoods under protracted conflict in Sri Lanka

Populations affected by violent conflicts often withstand threats to their security as well as threats to their livelihoods. Their response to the former threats nontrivially affects their response to the latter threats, and vice versa. This paper examines the interplay between protection and livelihood strategies using a sample of households selected from the Anuradhapura district of Sri Lanka. The fieldwork for this study was completed in 2008, producing evidence that the protection and livelihood strategies employed by households affected by the protracted conflict in Sri Lanka are interlaced. In addition, the research discovered that Muslim and Sinhalese households largely responded to the protracted conflict in ways that are unique to their ethnic group. Certain vulnerabilities that impinge on protection and certain opportunities that support livelihoods are shown to be ethnicised. Hence, the final livelihood outcome, which is defined narrowly here as the household's income, also appears to be ethnicised.