中国历史上和未来CFC-11和CFC-12的排放量计算

基于CFC-11(CCl3F)和CFC-12(CCl2F2)在家用制冷、工商制冷、汽车空调、气雾剂、烟草和泡沫等应用行业的消费数据、淘汰进程等计算了中国历年CFC-11和CFC-12的消费量,进而利用相应的排放方程计算了其历年排放量及未来的预测排放量.计算结果表明,从1978年中国开始消费到将来完全淘汰CFCs为止,中国CFC-11和CFC-12的总消费量分别为39.79×104t和40.97×104t.与国际公约对中国的要求相比,仅CFC-11和CFC-12,中国就少消费了19.78×104t ODP(臭氧层耗损潜能值)的CFCs物质.中国CFC-11和CFC-12的总排放量分别为全球1950～1999年50年间排放量的4.66%和3.16%,人均排放量及单位国土面积排放量均远远低于全球平均水平.     

Measuring and explaining the EU’s effect on national climate performance

ABSTRACT

To what extent has the European Union (EU) had a benign or retarding effect on what its member states would have undertaken in the absence of EU climate policies during 2008–2012? A measurement tool for the EU policy’s effect is developed and shows a benign average EU effect with considerable variation across countries. The EU’s policy effectiveness vis-à-vis its member states is explained by the EU’s non-compliance mechanism, the degree of usage of the Kyoto flexible mechanisms, and national pre-Kyoto emission reduction goals. Time-series cross-sectional analyses show that the EU’s non-compliance mechanism has no effect, while the ex-ante plans for using Kyoto flexible mechanisms and/or the ambitious pre-Kyoto emission reduction targets allow member states to escape constraints imposed by EU climate policy.     

PC机上的多版本MAYA安装技术

MAYA是当今最著名的三维设计软件,由于FLEXLM协议的原因,使得一台PC上仅能安装唯一的版本,从而造成安装的瓶颈问题,文中就此问题探求解决方法,提出了在多操作系统和单操作系统下安装多版本MAYA的两个解决方案,并将实践步骤及关键环节做了详尽的表述.     

Economical assessment of the design,construction and operation of open-bed biofilters for waste gas treatment

A protocol was developed with the purpose of assessing the main costs implied in the set-up, operation and maintenance of a waste gas-treating conventional biofilter. The main operating parameters considered in the protocol were the empty bed residence time and the gas flow rate. A wide variety of investment and operating costs were considered. In order to check its reliability, the protocol was applied to a number of scenarios, with biofilter volumes ranging from 8.3 to 4000 m³. Results show that total annualized costs were between 20?000 and 220?000 €/year and directly dependent, among other factors, on the size of the system. Total investment and operating costs for average-size compost biofilters were around 60?000 € and 20?000 €/year, respectively, which are concordant with actual costs. Also, a sensitivity analysis was performed in order to assess the relative influence of a series of selected costs. Results prove that operating costs are those that influence the total annual costs to a higher extent. Also, packing material replacement costs contribute significantly to the total yearly costs in biofilters with a volume higher than 800 m³. Among operating costs, the electricity consumption is the main influencing factor in biofilters with a gas flow rate above 50?000 m³/h, while labor costs are critical at lower gas flow rates. In addition, the use of a variety of packing materials commonly employed in biofiltration was assessed. According to the results obtained, special attention should be paid to the packing material selected, as it is the main parameter influencing the medium replacement costs, and one of the main factors affecting investment costs.     

污染场地土壤通用评估基准建立的理论和常用模型

污染场地土壤通用评估基准的建立与每个国家的经济水准及社会发展紧密相关.从国际相关领域的发展趋势来看,场地基准的建立基于风险基础之上.我国正在颁布污染场地风险评估技术导则(C-RAG),表明我国已选择风险基础上的污染场地管理模式.文章回顾了污染场地土壤通用评估基准建立的理论、方法及通用模型,并推荐污染场地评估的模型框架,...     

Strategies for emission reduction from thermal power plants

Major polluters of man's environment are thermal power stations (TPS) and power plants, which discharge into the atmosphere the basic product of carbon fuel combustion, CO2, which results in a build-up of the greenhouse effect and global warm-up of our planet's climate. This paper is intended to show that the way to attain environmental safety of the TPS and to abide by the decisions of the Kyoto Protocol lies in raising the efficiency of the heat power stations and reducing their fuel consumption by using nonconventional thermal cycles. Certain equations have been derived to define the quantitative interrelationship between the growth of efficiency of the TPS, decrease in fuel consumption and reduction of discharge of dust, fuel combustion gases, and heat into the environment. New ideas and new technological approaches that result in raising the efficiency of the TPS are briefly covered: magneto-hydrodynamic resonance, the Kalina cycle, and utilizing the ambient heat by using, as the working medium, low-boiling substances.     

基于油提取的土壤与沉积物中微塑料的分离方法

微塑料作为一种全球性新兴污染物受到学界与社会的广泛关注.由于土壤和沉积物中的微塑料难以分离提取,目前关于微塑料的研究主要集中于水体中,而关于土壤与沉积物中微塑料的丰度、分布与环境行为尚不清楚,迫切需要一种经济、快速、可靠的前处理手段将微塑料从土壤或沉积物中分离出来进而开展检测与监测工作.油提取法不同于传统密度浮选法,其利用塑料的亲油性,使用植物油代替密度液分离土壤与沉积物中的微塑料.通过油提取法在砂土（二长花岗岩风化层残坡积物）、壤土（菜地黄棕壤）、黏土（稻田水稻土）、泥质湖泊沉积物中获得的总加标回收率分别为88.3%±6.29%、88.3%±3.82%、90.0%±2.50%、90.8%±1.44%.其中,对于密度浮选法较难提取的聚氯乙烯（PVC）、聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯（PET）,其回收率分别为93.3%±11.6%（壤土）、96.7%±5.77%（壤土）.植物油的加入会对后续微塑料的光谱表征识别产生影响,但可通过无水乙醇冲洗去除,与拉曼光谱仍具有良好的兼容性.利用该方法开展的实地研究获得黄冈市残坡积物（砂土）、武汉市菜地（壤土）、武汉市水稻田（黏土）、武汉市东湖泥质湖泊沉积物中的微塑料丰度分别为1 679、1 612、1 766、7 629个/kg.研究显示,油提取是当下密度浮选技术的可替代方案.      

企业与消费者型(B to C)网络支付模式及相关安全技术研究

随着电子商务的飞速发展,网络支付模式及安全问题已经成为制约其发展的瓶颈。根据企业与消费者型(Bto C)电子商务网络支付系统的一般模式,较为详细地研究了各种Bto C型电子商务网络支付模式的类型,依据Bto C型电子商务网络支付系统所受不同类型攻击,系统地分析了Bto C型电子商务网络支付所面临的安全问题,并对其相关安全技术的实现进行了较为系统的研究和分析,最后根据Bto C型网络安全支付协议发展过程和存在问题,分析了一个基于3D-Secure的Bto C型网络安全支付模式实现过程。     

无线传感器网络(WSNs)路由安全问题的现状与对策研究

笔者对比分析了无线传感器网络(WSNs)安全体系结构的组成;讨论了限制无线传感器网络安全的各种因素以及安全评估的目标;在分析现有路由协议的基础上,从路由安全的攻防角度入手,详细阐述了现有各种路由攻击手段的原理、特点及危害,并给出了相应的攻击示意框图;有针对性地提出一些相应的安全防范对策,为WSNs安全路由的设计与实现提供了一些思路。     

基于铀尾矿库核素污染监测WSN分簇路由协议

用WSN对铀尾矿库核素污染监测优于传统有线布置,为解决无线传输路由能耗的问题,提出了一种基于蚁群算法的前向传输分簇路由协议。该协议以分簇的方式来减少数据发送量与寻优开销,在下一跳接收节点选择阶段,以前向传输区域为切入点,利用优化的蚁群算法进行多路径搜索最后选出满足条件的最优路径。仿真实验表明,CFTA协议的网络生存周期有效延长,并减小了能耗。