差速器壳体疲劳寿命仿真分析方法

目的 研究差速器壳体疲劳寿命分析方法,调查差速器壳体断裂的根本原因.方法 以具体试验工况为输入,以减速器壳体支撑刚度为边界条件,以齿轮啮合力为输入载荷,建立弹性支撑条件下的差速器壳体有限元模型,并进行强度计算.以强度分析结果为输入,在疲劳寿命计算软件FEMFAT中进行疲劳寿命校核.考虑到差速器壳体分析工况较多、载荷复杂,采用Neuber公式,结合材料的循环应力-应变曲线方程和应力-应变迟滞回线方程,进行线弹性应力修正的方法进行校核.同时,为了更好地模拟差速器的运行极限工况,分析载荷采用了三正一负交替变化的载荷.最后,基于线性疲劳累积损伤理论的Miner法则对结果进行判断.结果 基于线性疲劳累积损伤理论的Miner法则,初始设计方案的计算结果表明,疲劳破坏发生在壳体过渡圆角处,其可承受的载荷循环次数为270次,不满足大于350次的设计目标,结果与疲劳台架试验相符,且失效区域对应性较好.通过增大差速器壳体过渡圆角半径及增加壳体厚度的方法对差速器壳体进行优化,优化后的疲劳分析结果显示,疲劳寿命增加至417次,满足350次设计目标,并顺利通过耐久台架试验.结论 通过优化前后台架试验结果与仿真结果的对比证实,该仿真分析方法能准确预测差速器壳体的疲劳水平,且该分析方法在计算精度方面是完全可信的,可以在实际项目开发中应用,可提前识别并规避风险,减少后期台架验证成本.     

基于Winkler模型的沿空留巷底板变形力学分析

沿空留巷顶板岩层垮落到底板时,会影响底板的受力和变形,进而导致底臌,底臌的产生将直接影响采煤工作开展。为了对巷道底板的变形机理进行研究,根据空留巷底板受力特点,将巷道底板视为弹性地基梁,建立顶板岩层垮落在巷道底板上的不均匀荷载作用下的Winkler弹性地基梁力学模型,通过对高阶微分方程求解,分析巷道底板任一处的挠度、转角、弯矩及剪力的分布规律,并结合内力分布规律对底板破坏机理进行分析。结合工程实践,提出了防止底板变形的措施,为类似工程的设计及施工提供参考。     

一切建筑事故都是可以预防的

通过分析建筑事故的种类及其成因,以及建筑事故与自然现象和人为因素之间的关系,论证了建筑生产企业中的人因事故是可以预防的,而且通过预测预报、预警预防、应急救援、加固改造等手段,尤其是采取合理规划选址、避开地震发生区进行建设开发等有效、合理的技术措施,自然原因造成的环境类建筑事故如地震灾害等也是可以预防的。无论从建筑事故发生的原因角度出发,还是从建筑事故的性质特点角度出发,建筑事故适合用分析和拓扑理论进行研究,用因子分析法,结合指标分析和拓扑理论,可以得出一切建筑事故都是可以预防的结论。     

Characterization of Environmentally Friendly Polymers by Inverse Gas Chromatography: I Amylopectin

Amylopectin, as a potato starch based polymer, with a molecular weight of six million gram/mol was characterized using the Inverse Gas Chromatography Method (IGC). DSC method was also used to measure the glass and melting temperatures. Both DSC and IGC agreed well on a T_g of 105°C and T_m of 160–166°C. Nineteen solutes (solvents) were injected onto a chromatographic column containing amylopectin. These solutes revealed the interaction of alkanes with AP, and the wettability and water intake of AP. Alkanes showed exothermic values of interaction parameters which were increased as the temperature increased and as the number of carbons in the alkane series decreased. Retention diagrams of these solutes in a temperature range of 80–200°C revealed two zones, crystalline and amorphous. T_g and T_m were measured using these zones which complimented the DSC values. The two zones were used to calculate the degree of crystallinity below the melting temperature which ranged from 85% at 104°C to 0% at 161°C. The dispersive component of the surface energy of amylopectin was measured using alkanes which ranged from 25.35 mJ/m² at 80°C to 8.47 mJ/m² at 200°C. This is attributed to the weak crystalline surface of AP at 80°C and when the surface melted at 160°C the surface energy decreased due to the thermal expansion of the surface.     

生化需氧量的差压式测定方法的研究

本文研究了用差压式直读测定实验装置测定生化需氧量（ＢＯＤ５）的方法，验证了用该新技术测定ＢＯＤ５的可行性。该方法操作简单、直观性好，简化了大量烦琐操作并可连续测定。经对水样分析并用标准稀释法的分析结果加以比较，获得良好的效果。     

Differential Impacts of Flood Hazards Among the Street Children,the Urban Poor and Residents of Wealthy Neighborhoods in Metro Manila,Philippines

This paper presents thedifferential impacts of flood hazards amongstreet children, the urban poor andresidents of wealthy neighborhoods in MetroManila, Philippines. It argues that beingpoor is not the only reason why certainsectors are more vulnerable to floods orany environmental hazards – spatialisolation and lack of participation indecision making intensify their presentand future vulnerability, as well. Archival research, interviews, focusedgroup discussion, participant observationand surveys of populations at risk areemployed to delineate the flood experiencesand coping strategies of street childrenand residents of poor urban settlements andwealthy neighborhoods in Metro Manila atthe household and community levels. Theconcept of entitlement, the ContextualHazards Model, and the Access Model areused in the data analysis andinterpretation. Several policyrecommendations on hazard management anddisaster mitigation are identified toreduce flood losses in Metro Manila.     

高速公路桥头差异沉降综合处治对策

由于台背路堤和桥台两者形成差异沉降，桥头跳车成为普遍且复杂的问题，对这一特殊路堤病害的成功处治尚不多见。近年来．加筋土结构的柔性桥台开始应用于工程实践，这种结构有可能从根本上防止桥头跳车的产生。本文针对高速公路桥头路基易产生差异沉降这一普遍现象，从理论与施工的角度进行探讨，并结合京珠高速公路粤境南段工程建设的实际，介绍了防止桥头跳车不良影响而采取的技术处理措施。经实践检验，综合处治对策取得了成功。     

印楝素对亚洲玉米螟的生物活性及蛋白质合成的影响

室内生物测定表明,印楝素对玉米螟幼虫具有明显的毒杀作用和抑制生长发育的活性.浓度3×10-6 ~15×10-6印楝素处理幼虫,均出现活动性降低、化蛹延迟、蛹出现畸形的现象,甚至形成永久性幼虫,且与处理浓度有一定的相关性.同时发现,经印楝素处理后,亚洲玉米螟48h蛹蛋白质的含量和组分与对照相比出现明显的差异,含量与处理浓度有较好的相关性.SDS-PAGE结果显示, 经3×10-6 ~15×10-6印楝素处理,昆虫的蛹均出现分子量Mr55×103、50×103两种新蛋白组分,减少了21. 6×103、20×103两种蛋白组分;另外10×10-6和15×10-6印楝素处理还减少了22×103蛋白组分, 15×10-6处理还出现9×103新蛋白组分; 这6种差异蛋白可能是印楝素分子作用的相关蛋白. 图2表1参20     

Simulation of aquatic food web and species interactions by adaptive agents embodied with evolutionary computation: a conceptual framework

Individual-based and state variable-based adaptive agents (AA) are discussed regarding their relevance to different types of ecosystems. Individual-based AA proved applicable to a spatially explicit simulation of highly simplified terrestrial food webs. State variable-based AA with evolutionary computation (EC) embodied are suggested for the simulation of aquatic food webs and plankton species interactions. Embodiment of EC in AA can be achieved by evolving predictive rules (ER), differential equations (EDE) or artificial neural networks (ANN) derived from a diverse lake database. In order to provide ecosystem simulation with resilience to environmental change, agent banks can be created containing alternative agents for same species or functional groups from different lakes. State variable-based AA are currently tested for aquatic ecosytem simulation by means of a diverse lake database. It promises to overcome constraints by the rigidity of traditional lake ecosystem models.     

液化石油气罐车卸车作业事故——安全阀意外开启泄压原因调查

为了提高液化石油气罐车采用压缩机卸车法作业的安全性,通过对某液化石油气罐车卸车作业时其顶部安全阀意外开启泄压的事故原因进行调查,查明了导致罐车顶部安全阀意外开启泄压的直接原因是操作工人违章作业导致储罐与罐车罐体内气相液化石油气压差安全裕量严重不足所致。同时探讨了在夏季高温环境采用压缩机法对液化石油气罐车卸车作业时液化石油气罐车顶部安全阀整定值设定、液化石油气储罐与罐车罐体内气相液化石油气压差安全裕量的重要性。