土壤样品中铅和镉的微波消解法研究

利用微机控制的微波－聚四氟乙烯高压溶出装置，对土壤样品中的铅和镉两种重金属的消解进行了研究，结果表明，微波消解法具有较为满意的准确度与精密度，制样效率大大提高。     

COD消解装置在测定印染废水CODcr中的应用

针对重铬酸钾回流法测定COD消解时间长，分析费用高等不足，研究了COD消解装置在测定印染废水CODcr中的应用，通过对消解时间和催化剂用量的选择，确定了COE消解装置测定絮凝处理前后印染废水CODcr的最佳条件，并且测定结果与回流法一致，该方法具有操作简便，分析费用低，消解时间短及精密度好等特点。     

厌氧消化处理制药废水微生物类群的研究

本文厌氧消化处理制药废水,在不同消化温度条件下,进行了厌氧微生物类群和种群数量的测定.消化温度39℃,各种群菌量最多.消化温度24℃,各种群菌量最少.消化温度33℃和35℃,各种群菌量与消化温39℃度相比,菌量有所减少,但菌量差别不太明显.例如:甲烷细菌消化温度24℃比39℃菌量减少3×10~4倍,消化温度33℃和35℃与39℃比较,甲烷细菌分别减少4.1×10~2倍和3.2×10倍,温度越低甲烷细菌数量越少.     

Level and origin of 129I and 137Cs in lichen samples (Cladonia alpestris) in central Sweden

Lichen is a symbiosis between algae and fungi. They have for decades been used as bioindicators for atmospheric deposition of heavy metals, organic compounds and radioactive elements. Especially the species Cladonia alpestris and Cladonia rangiferina are important for the food chain lichen-reindeer-man.The concentration of ¹²⁹I was determined in lichen samples (Cladonia alpestris) contaminated by fallout from atmospheric nuclear tests explosions and the Chernobyl accident. The samples were collected at Lake Rogen District (62.3°N, 12.4°E) in central Sweden in the periods 1961-1975 and 1987-1998, and analysed with accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) at CNA (Seville) to study its distribution in different layers. Data on the ¹³⁷Cs activity measured previously were also included in this study. The ¹²⁹I concentration ranged from (0.95 ± 0.13) × 10⁸ at g⁻¹ in 1961 in the uppermost layer to (14.2 ± 0.5) × 10⁸ at g⁻¹ in 1987 in deepest layer. The ¹²⁹I/¹³⁷Cs atom ratio ranged between 0.12 and 0.27 for lichen samples collected in the period 1961-1975, indicating weapons tests fallout. For lichen samples collected between 1987 and 1998 the behaviour of ¹³⁷Cs concentrations reflected Chernobyl fallout. The concentrations of the two radionuclides followed each other quite well in the profile, reflecting the same origin for both.From the point of view of the spatial distribution in the lichen, it appears that ¹²⁹I was predominantly accumulated in the lowest layer, the opposite to ¹³⁷Cs for which the highest amounts were detected systematically in the topmost layer of lichen. This vertical distribution is important for radioecology because lichen is the initial link in the food chain lichen-reindeer-man, and reindeer only graze the upper parts of lichen carpets.     

Plant phenology in Germany over the 20th century

Analysis of observational phenological data has indicated that the length of the vegetation period (VP), here defined as the time between leaf onset and leaf colouring (LC), has increased in the last decades in the northern latitudes mainly due to an advancement of bud burst. Analysing the patterns of spring phenology over the last century (1880–1999) in Southern Germany showed that the strong advancement of spring phases, especially in the decade before 1999, is not a singular event in the course of the 20th century. Similar trends were also observed in earlier decades. Distinct periods of varying trend direction for important spring phases could be distinguished. Marked differences in trend direction between early and late spring phases were detected, which can be explained by different trends in March and April mean temperatures. The advancement of spring phenology in recent decades is part of the multi-decadal fluctuations over the 20th century that vary with the species and the relevant seasonal temperatures. However, for all Natural Regions in Germany, spring phases were advanced by about 5–20 days on average between 1951 and 1999, LC was delayed between 1951 and 1984, but advanced after 1984 for all considered tree species and the length of the VP increased between 1951 and 1999 for all considered tree species by an average of 10 days throughout Germany.     

Experimental and numerical study of biogas,methane and carbon dioxide produced by pre-treated wheat straw and pre-digested cow dung

ABSTRACT

The biogas constituting majorly CH₄ and CO₂ has been produced by Ca(OH)₂ pre-treated wheat straw with pre-digested cow dung. Some of the key thermodynamic parameters like specific heat capacity, density and heating capacity of the biogas produced have also been calculated per day as well as throughout the hydraulic retention time. The governing equations of biogas with appropriate phase and interfacial conditions describing the physics of the biogas have been derived. The control volume approach has been used to predict the total volume (ml) of biogas, CH₄ and CO₂ throughout the experiment and on the daily basis. The effects of feedstock, temperature and pressure on the production of biogas, CH₄ and CO₂ in anaerobic digestion have also been studied. The average number of molar fraction and conversion ratio of CH₄ and CO₂ are correlated with number of carbon atoms available in feedstock. Numerical calculations by using developed model and Modified Gompertz model have shown proficient agreement with the experimental observations.     

近50年江苏省粮食产量变化的小波分析

粮食产量变化关系到国家和地区的粮食安全问题。以往对粮食产量变化的研究多集中在单时间尺度上,对多时间尺度的研究很少。以小波诊断技术为基础,对近50年江苏省粮食产量变化进行了多时间尺度的分析。研究结果表明：①近50多年江苏省粮食产量生产大致经历了5个阶段;②江苏省粮食产量变化具有明显的5年、13年和25年的特征时间尺度和相应的周期性变化特征;同时特征时间尺度有逐步增加的趋势,即江苏省的粮食产量变化渐趋稳定;③小波方差分析发现江苏省粮食产量变化具有13年和25年的主要周期,并以25年周期最为显著; ④综合三个时间尺度上小波系数的演变趋势发现,无论是大尺度还是小尺度上,在未来的一段时间内,江苏省都将进入新的一轮粮食减产时期。针对粮食产量变化的这一趋势,进行了原因分析,并提出相应的建议。     

金属铁铝对混凝强化初沉污泥中温厌氧消化的影响

选取FeCl3和AlCl2·6H2O作为混凝剂对城市污水进行一级强化混凝处理,降低二级生物处理的进水负荷,减少污水生物处理系统的能量消耗。主要研究混凝过程投加的金属盐对一级强化混凝产生的初沉污泥中温厌氧消化的影响。和剩余污泥相比,初沉污泥更适合厌氧消化处理,污泥降解性能和产气性能更高。当采用城市污水一级强化混凝处理时,污泥中的金属和金属盐水解引起的pH降低,使混凝强化初沉污泥的厌氧消化受到一定抑制。随着污泥中铝含量的降低和铁含量的增加,厌氧消化的COD降解率和挥发性固体（Vs）降解率逐渐升高,生物气产量逐渐增大,产气速率加快。当混凝强化初沉污泥只含有铁时（铁含量为10．16mg／L）,混凝强化初沉污泥厌氧消化效果最好,产气稳定,而且产气速率高,生物气产量为237mL,生物气甲烷含量为55．5％,降解单位Vs产气量为0．80L／g,均高于其他含铝的混凝强化初沉污泥。污泥中的铁对初沉污泥厌氧消化的抑制作用远远小于铝的作用,说明铁盐适合用于城市污水的一级强化混凝处理。     

Biological treatment of chicken feather waste for improved biogas production

A two-stage system was developed which combines the biological degradation of keratin-rich waste with the production of biogas. Chicken feather waste was treated biologically with a recombinant Bacillus megaterium strain showing keratinase activity prior to biogas production. Chopped, autoclaved chicken feathers (4%, W/V) were completely degraded, resulting in a yellowish fermentation broth with a level of 0.51 mg/mL soluble proteins after 8 days of cultivation of the recombinant strain. During the subsequent anaerobic batch digestion experiments, methane production of 0.35 Nm³/kg dry feathers (i.e., 0.4 Nm³/kg volatile solids of feathers), corresponding to 80% of the theoretical value on proteins, was achieved from the feather hydrolyzates, independently of the pre-hydrolysis time period of 1, 2 or 8 days. Cultivation with a native keratinase producing strain, Bacillus licheniformis resulted in only 0.25 mg/mL soluble proteins in the feather hydrolyzate, which then was digested achieving a maximum accumulated methane production of 0.31 Nm³/kg dry feathers. Feather hydrolyzates treated with the wild type B. megaterium produced 0.21 Nm³ CH₄/kg dry feathers as maximum yield.     

Influence of different ignition delay times on the pressure rise rate in hybrid mixture explosions in the 20-L sphere

For the development of a standardized method for measuring the explosion safety characteristics of combustible hybrid dust/vapor mixtures, the influence of the ignition delay time needs to be investigated. The ignition delay time, defined as the time between the injection of dust and the activation of the ignition source, is related to the turbulence of the mixture and thus to the pressure rise rate. The ignition source for pure vapors, however, has to be activated in a quiescent atmosphere according to the standards. Nevertheless, when measuring the explosion safety characteristics of hybrid mixtures, it is important that the dust be in suspension around the igniter. Like pure dust/air mixtures, hybrid dust/vapor/air mixtures need to be ignited in a turbulent atmosphere to keep the dust in suspension.This work will therefore investigate the influence of ignition delay times on the severity of hybrid explosions. It was generally found that at shorter ignition delay times, (dp/dt)_ex increased due to higher turbulence and decreases as the dust sinks to the bottom of the 20 L-sphere. This effect is more pronounced for hybrid mixtures with higher vapor content compared to dust content.