Large-scale effects on resistivity index of porous media

The estimation of humidity in the unsaturated zone of soils and NAPL saturation in contaminated aquifers may be based on the interpretation of electrical resistivity index logs. In the present work, concepts of the theory of the two-phase flow in pore networks are employed to interpret the form of the equilibrium and dynamic resistivity index curves of large porous samples. A resistivity cell is constructed to measure the capillary and electrical properties of large samples of unconsolidated porous media. The drainage capillary pressure and resistivity index curves of a sand column are measured by using the micropore membrane (porous plate) method, where a 0.5% wt/vol NaCl aqueous solution is displaced by n-dodecane. The dynamic resistivity index curves are measured by using the continuous injection technique for various orientations of the sand column. Based on concepts of the two-phase flow theory, concerning the dominant displacement growth pattern in a pore network and arising from the cooperative effects of capillary, buoyancy, and viscous forces, approximate relationships are developed for the resistivity index and saturation exponent as functions of the water saturation. The saturation exponent decreases as the displacement advances and the fluid distribution across the sand column tends to be homogenized after oil breakthrough. Both the resistivity index and saturation exponent increase as the displacement pattern tends to become compact and stable. In the destabilized flow pattern, as the Bond number decreases, the resistivity index may increase respectably within a narrow range of values of the Bond number. This happens when the thickness of the unstable capillary finger exceeds the lateral dimension of the porous sample and becomes a fractal percolation cluster. The saturation exponent becomes almost constant and independent of water saturation only over the destabilized displacement pattern at high values of the Bond number.     

销接简支钢梁的侧向稳定

销接钢结构广泛应用于结构工程中。销孔间隙会使体系产生初始几何位移 ,并对结构的承载力产生不容忽视的影响。笔者提出折减刚度的概念 ,对销结钢结构体系的稳定承载力进行了一次逼近 ,这提供了一种新方法和新思路。在算例中对六四式铁路军用梁标准三角拼组简支梁考虑初始几何位移对梁的稳定承载力进行了分析 ,给出了该结构考虑稳定时的临界跨度     

Needs assessment of the displaced population following the August 1999 earthquake in Turkey

In August 1999 a major earthquake struck north-western Turkey. An assessment followed to identify the immediate needs of the displaced population. A random cluster sample of displaced families living in temporary shelter outside of organised relief camps was designed. Representatives of 230 households from the four communities worse affected by the earthquake were interviewed. Most families lived in makeshift shelters (84 per cent), used bottled water (91 per cent), obtained food from relief organisations (61 per cent), had access to latrines (90 per cent), had a member on routine medication (53 per cent) and obtained information by word of mouth (81 per cent). Many respondents reported having family members who were over the age of 65 (32 per cent) or under age three (20 per cent), who were pregnant (6 per cent), or who had been ill since the earthquake (64 per cent). The greatest immediate need reported by most families was shelter requirements (37 per cent), followed by food (23 per cent) and hygiene requirements (19 per cent). Ten days after the earthquake, basic environmental health needs of food, shelter and hygiene still predominated in this displaced population. Significant portions may have special needs due to age or illness.     

Coping strategies developed as a result of social structure and conflict: Kosovo in the 1990s

The end of 1989 brought with it political and economic decisions which resulted in Kosovo being stripped of its autonomy and the Albanian population being expelled from their jobs. These facts combined with ethnic tensions created a decade of conflict and oppression affecting hundreds of thousands of innocent civilians. Thousands of Kosovars moved overseas to seek work to support families at home, altering the way of life of the population of Kosovo irredeemably. The loss of income had serious repercussions on food security throughout the 1990s; possibilities of purchasing food were diminished, control on goods in 1998 reduced availability of foodstuffs, conflict affected accessibility to markets and shops and consequently food intake and nutritional status was compromised. The most vulnerable were those who had no family members overseas. Mass displacement of population due to ethnic cleansing during the war of spring 1999, further jeopardised food security status. Destruction at this time rendered large parts of Kosovo useless and resulted in a shift in the determinant of vulnerability in the post-war period: destruction of houses, land, livestock and agricultural products as well as loss of family members, became a far more pertinent indicator of food insecurity. The strong and clear links between conflict, socio-economic issues and food security are highlighted and discussed in this paper.     

融雪剂对园林植物种子萌发的影响

使用融雪剂是高纬度城市冬季除雪的主要措施之一,但融雪剂中含有的盐类物质可以对园林植物造成伤害。在此研究了融雪剂对刺（Robinia pseudoacacia）、万寿菊（Tagetes erecta）、矮紫薇（Lagerstroemia indiea’Petite pinkie＇）、草地早熟禾（Poa pratensis）、侧柏（Platycladus orientalis）种子发芽率和相对受害率的影响。试验结果表明：5种植物种子的发芽率随融雪剂浓度的升高而降低．相对受害率则随融雪剂浓度升高而增大。其中草地早熟禾种子时融雪剂最敏感,可以用草地早熟禾种子萌发为指示,间接检验融雪剂对植物的伤害程度。     

温度对钝化剂抑制滇池底泥磷释放的影响

采用硫酸铝和聚铝2种钝化药剂研究温度对滇池重污染底泥磷释放的影响.结果表明,温度每升高10℃,底泥TP释放增量为1.22%～38.69%,DTp释放增量为4.79%～76.82%,在25～35℃,底泥内源磷释放量增量最大.随着温度的升高底泥内源磷释放量增加的原因在于:一方面随着环境温度的升高,间隙水耗氧量增多,加速了Fe3 →Fe2 转化,促使沉积物中铁结合态磷释放;另一方面微生物活动可使沉积物中有机态磷转化成无机态磷酸盐而得以释放.投加钝化剂对沉积物的内源磷释放的抑制和上覆水中含磷颗粒的捕捉有显著效果.在25℃以下时,聚铝的抑制效果优于硫酸铝,在5、15和25℃对沉积物内源磷的抑制率聚铝比硫酸铝分别高出0.49%、1.32%和1.03%;随着温度升高到35℃,聚铝控磷的稳定性降低,抑制效果减弱,硫酸铝的控制效果反而较聚铝高2.25%.聚铝组底泥的温度平均比硫酸铝组底泥的温度低2～3℃.     

γ-聚谷氨酸絮凝剂培养条件及处理啤酒废水研究

利用均匀设计安排试验,用曲线回归分析创建数学模型的方法研究了枯草芽孢杆菌产γ-聚谷氨酸絮凝剂培养条件,结果表明:其最佳培养条件是蔗糖添加量2.2%、酵母膏添加量0.6%、谷氨酸钠4.5%、pH7、温度33℃、摇床转速215r/min。创建了6因素之间的数学模型:Y=(-9.4X12+42.1X1-71.3X22+89.0X2-3.6X32+32.7X3-9.9X42+139.9X4-0.44X52+29.2X5-0.0016X62+0.69X6-793.3)/6。同时利用γ-聚谷氨酸絮凝剂对啤酒废水进行COD去除试验,结果显示:pH值在7.8、100mL废水中絮凝剂的添加量为3mL和1%CaCl2用量为1.9mL时,COD去除效果最佳,并建立了相应的数学模型,在最佳工艺条件下的COD去除率可达66%。     

污泥堆肥处理过程中氧气消耗的动态变化与分布特征

对城市污水污泥、粪渣污泥和造纸污泥进行好氧堆肥试验,以研究不同物料堆肥过程中氧气消耗的动态变化、分布特征及其差异.结果表明.不同污泥堆肥时,耗氧速率和温度具有相似的动态变化阶段.在堆体刚进入高温阶段时,耗氧速率不断升高并达到峰值,之后则逐渐减小并趋于稳定,堆肥结束时的耗氧速率只相当于最大值的1/3～1/15.物料组成影响升温速率,耗氧速率的最大值及达到最大值的时间.有机物含量高时,堆体温度上升快、维持持续高温的时间长.堆体各部位耗氧速率存在差异;中间部位的耗氧速率始终较高,在升温期,上层的耗氧速率略高于下层,此后下层的耗氧速率高于上层.堆体上层和下层的氧气含量在堆肥过程中波动较小(>18%),而中间部位的氧气含量波动较大,在高温阶段其含量较低(约12%).使用无机调理剂(CTB调理剂)时,耗氧速率明显小于使用有机调理剂的处理,供氧所需的通风量减少35.9%;堆体升温较慢,温度变化较平缓.根据研究结果提出了优化通风控制的建议.     

Use of coupling agents to stabilize asphalt–rubber–gravel composite to improve its mechanical properties

The mechanical performance of rubber-modified asphalt roads depends, besides the intrinsic properties of the constituents (asphalt, rubber and gravel), on their interfaces. To improve the adhesion between constituents, two different coupling agents were required: one to link asphalt with the rubber particles to stabilize the composite creating an elastic network in the interior of the material to improve its elastic recovery, and other to increase the adhesion between the hydrophobic asphalt and the hydrophilic gravel. A phenolic resin was used to link the rubber particles with the asphalt, while a switterionic molecule (phosphatidyl-choline) was used to change the OH groups on the gravel surface by hydrocarbon chains to make it compatible with the asphalt.     

反应位移法在盾构隧道横断面抗震设计中的应用

介绍了反应位移法的基本原理,以及该方法在盾构隧道抗震设计时计算及分析隧道横断面上产生地震时的断面内力的方法,并结合武汉长江隧道工程实例,阐述了该方法的具体计算过程,为盾构隧道抗震设计提供了经验。