Converting wasteland into wonderland by earthworms—a low-cost nature’s technology for soil remediation: a case study of vermiremediation of PAHs contaminated soil

Earthworms in general are tolerant to many chemical contaminants including heavy metals and organic pollutants in soil and can bio-accumulate them in their tissues. Earthworms species like Eisenia fetida, Eisenia tetraedra, Lumbricus terrestris, Lumbricus rubellus and Allobophora chlorotica have been found to remove heavy metals (Cd, Pb, Cu, Hg, etc.) pesticides and lipophilic organic micropollutants like the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) from the soil. They ‘absorb’ the dissolved chemicals through the moist ‘body wall’ in the interstitial water and also ‘ingest’ by mouth while the soil passes through the gut. They either ‘bio-transform’ or ‘biodegrade’ the chemical contaminants rendering them harmless in their bodies. Meanwhile the quality of the soil is improved significantly in terms of physical, chemical and biological properties as the worms thoroughly upturn and disperse the soil, ingest large volumes of soil and excrete nutritive materials (NKP and micronutrients) in the form of ‘vermicasts’ along with millions of beneficial soil microbes including nitrogen fixers.     

融雪剂对大叶黄杨生长和生理特性的影响

为了研究融雪剂对道路绿化植物的影响,以大叶黄杨(Euonymus japonicus Thunb)为研究材料,研究了其在3种融雪剂(JLR-01、LBR-4、芦笛一号)不同施用量影响下的生长量和生理特性。结果表明:随着融雪剂LBR-4和芦笛一号的施用量的增大,大叶黄杨叶片的相对生长量和株高相对生长量、光合速率(Pn)、水分利用效率(WUE)、蒸腾速率(Tr)和气孔导度(Gs)随之减小,而低施用量的融雪剂JLR-01对大叶黄杨生长量、Pn、WUE和Tr有促进作用。随着融雪剂作用时间的延长,3种融雪剂的Pn和WUE也随之减小,Tr则是先减小后有所增大。当融雪剂施用量较小和胁迫时间较短时,Pn下降是因为气孔关闭;而当施用量较大和胁迫时间较长时,Pn下降是因为叶肉同化能力下降;3种融雪剂对大叶黄杨的胁迫程度由大到小的次序为:芦笛一号>LBR-4>JLR-01;大叶黄杨对3种融雪剂施用量的忍耐阈值在80 g.m-2左右,大叶黄杨对施用LBR-4和芦笛一号的耐受时间阈值大约为3周,对施用JLR-01的耐受时间阈值为3周以上。     

几种渗透剂对阿维菌素的增效作用

采用甘蓝叶表法对5种渗透剂进行了筛选,在此基础上,采用幼虫浸渍法和叶片药膜法测定了JFC-2、TX-10和FP-T等3种渗透效果较好的渗透剂对阿维菌素的增效作用,及它们分别与阿维菌素混配后对甘蓝叶片渗透量的影响.结果表明,当阿维菌素药液中含有渗透剂的浓度分别为50、100、200mg/L时,渗透剂JFC-2对阿维菌素浸渍法毒力的增效比分别为1.54、1.74和2.16,叶片药膜法毒力的增效比分别为1.60、1.90和2.18;TX-10的浸渍法毒力增效比分别为1.47、1.70和1.97,叶片药膜法毒力的增效比分别为1.48、1.63和2.00;FP-T的浸渍法毒力增效比分别为1.56、1.59和1.78,叶片药膜法毒力的增效比分别为1.58、1.52和1.86;同时,上述3种渗透剂还可提高阿维菌素对甘蓝叶片的渗透速度,缩短渗透时间.图1表3参11     

水中直链烷烃的光敏化降解

采用实验室模拟方法,研究了水中直链烷烃光敏化降解的途径.结果表明,经紫外光照射烷烃可被激发态的敏比剂抽取一个氢原子而形成烷基.在有氧条件下,它可形成烷氧自由基,进而被氧化成相应的酮.如果烷氧基中有γ-氢原子存在,它可通过类似于NorrishⅡ型重排反应,而生成短碳链的甲基酮、烯烃以及小分子量的乙烯、环氧乙烷、乙二醇、丙酮、甲醛等.     

硅烷偶联剂对石英砂滤料的表面改性

采用硅烷偶联剂KH-550对石英砂滤料进行表面改性,以提高滤料表面的亲油疏水性.通过正交―单因素实验,考察KH-550浓度、改性温度以及搅拌时间对石英砂滤料表面改性效果的影响.结果表明,KH-550浓度为15%、改性温度为110℃、搅拌时间为15min时改性效果最好,水的润湿重量由改性前的1.5589g减小到0.0607g,而油的润湿重量改性前后基本不变.改性后石英砂对油的吸附容量增大到0.1843,与未改性石英砂相比提高了27.72%.扫描电镜与电子能谱研究表明,KH-550以化学键的方式结合在石英砂滤料表面,形成了牢固的有机包覆层,使得石英砂滤料的亲油疏水性大大提高.     

Analytical Investigations on a Releasing Agent Application in Aluminium Diecasting (6 pp)

Background, Aims and Scope Releasing agents, applied in the aluminium diecasting process, usually consist of water, oils, waxes, polysiloxanes, as well as of a set of additives like emulsifiers, corrosion inhibitors, and biocides. During spray application and part release, gases and aerosols are emitted into workplace air. The chemical compositions of these emissions are determined by the components of the releasing agents and their reaction products formed during thermal stress of more than 700 °C. In the frame of the joint project, the analytical tasks were to develop an appropriate sampling strategy for this production environment, to draw conclusions about the occurrence of hazardous chemicals from production plant studies and from laboratory-scale thermolysis experiments, and to determine the biodegradability of customary releasing agents. Methods During realistic test production, active air sampling was performed in a production hall using different adsorption materials. Cotton fabric sheets were positioned in the production area as passive samplers. Thermolysis experiments were performed at 600 °C with sealed quartz ampoules. The biodegradability of different releasing agents was determined according to German industry standard DIN 51828 (2000). For analyses, GC/MS (headspace), FTIR, HPLC, IC, and ICP-OES techniques were applied. Results and Discussion The substance spectrum, which was found in workplace air, was dominated by saturated and non-saturated aliphatic hydrocarbons. Besides these, alcohols, alkyl phenols, xylenes and other benzene derivatives, aldehydes, glycols, carboxylic acid esters, and amides were present. The German limiting value of 40 mg/m3 of complex hydrocarbon mixtures in a diecasting workplace atmosphere was clearly under-run. Total hydrocarbon contents ranged between 2.7 and 6.3 mg/m3. Five different PAH were found in the air close to the diecasting machine, with maximum concentrations between 0.05 and 3.06 μg/m3. Concentrations of nonylphenols ranged from 10 to 200 μg/m3, and those of triethanolamine from 20 to 30 μg/m3. From 17 elements analyzed, only B, Fe, P, S, Si, and Ti were emitted in small amounts. It was striking that the PAH patterns resulting from thermolysis experiments were quite the same compared to those determined during the diecasting process. An influence of water and of Fe/Al on the composition of the thermolysis products could mostly be shown. The degrees of biodegradation of three releasing agent extracts after 21 days were 21%, 29%, and 55%, respectively. Conclusion A sampling strategy was developed, which allows an emission assessment for the industrial process of aluminium diecasting. It enabled one to control limiting values, to characterise a wide variety of compounds emitted, and to identify and quantify relevant pollutants. Only a few hazardous substances could be detected during the exemplary use of one releasing agent within the compounds emitted into workplace air. Indications were found, that the prediction of the formation of harmful substances from releasing agent components should be possible via thermolysis experiments. The biodegradability test can serve to assess the expenditure of disposal of the usual leakage run-off of excess agent during production. Recommendation and Outlook Investigations on further differently composed releasing agents, e.g. powders, would be desirable. A substitution of nonylphenol ethoxylates by less harmful components would surely be an improvement of a releasing agent with regard to work safety and health care, because of avoiding the emission of toxic and endocrine active nonylphenols. The surprisingly wide range of biodegradability of the investigated releasing agents points to an optimization potential, that has obviously not yet been considered.     

陕西神木大柳塔洗煤厂煤泥水快速沉降剂试验研究

为了解决陕西神木大柳塔洗煤厂煤泥水的快速沉降和洗水循环再利用 ,在深入研究原煤泥水处理工艺技术效能的基础上 ,研究和发展了一种新型高效、经济的煤泥水处理工艺技术 ,合成了一种快速沉降剂。经过反复试验研究 ,使得原煤泥水系统有了极大改善 ,实现了洗水闭路循环和煤泥厂内回收 ,降低了药耗 ,缩短了反应时间 ,达到了快速沉降的目的。     

含油污水对泡沫灭火剂性能的影响研究

将原油乳化于水中,配制了不同浓度的乳化油污水,对乳化油污水对泡沫灭火剂性能的影响进行了试验研究。试验结果表明:石油类浓度为30~120 mg/L的乳化油污水对泡沫灭火剂的发泡倍数、灭火时间和25%抗烧时间无明显影响。泡沫灭火剂的25%析液时间随污水中石油类浓度的增加逐渐缩短。使用石油类浓度为120 mg/L的污水配置的泡沫灭火剂可以满足灭火需求。     

合作视角下的跨境水资源两级分配模式

跨境水资源是淡水资源的重要组成部分,随着世界人口和经济的快速发展,各国对水资源需求增加,气候变化使水资源变化情势具有不确定性,更是加剧了各国对水资源安全保障的诉求。公平合理的跨境水资源分配对于缓解各流域国用水冲突、实现跨境水资源可持续利用具有重要意义。为提高跨境水资源分配的公平合理性和水资源利用效率,基于合作视角,该研究提出一个“初始分配以明晰所有权+优化再分配以实现高效利用”的跨境水资源两级分配模式。首先基于协商谈判视角,运用讨价还价博弈模型的方法理念,引入流域国间协商谈判机制,以实现跨境水资源在流域国间的公平合理初始分配。然后基于利益共享理念,构建具有模糊支付的跨境水资源合作博弈模型和要素双重模糊的跨境水资源合作博弈模型,探讨不同模糊情景下的跨境水资源优化再分配问题。并以澜沧江-湄公河流域为例进行实证分析,研究表明：①基于协商谈判寻求跨境水权分配最优解,可以有效提高分配方案的可接受性。②初始分配是流域国开发利用跨境水资源的基础,有利于明晰初始水权,但也存在难以长时间适应流域环境变化和各流域国用水需求变化的缺陷。③合作开发情景下的系统收益比非合作情景下的系统收益更高,且当全局合作难以形成时,各流域国可以用不同参与率组成模糊联盟开展水资源合作,相比清晰联盟合作可获得更大的流域系统收益。通过研究,以期为跨境水资源的分配提供参考,从而保障各流域国应有权益,缓解水资源冲突,为创立跨境水资源一体化管理模式和构建跨境河流“命运共同体”奠定基础。