废钻井液脱稳与ξ电位关系的研究

为了寻求钻井液脱稳剂H2SO4的最佳用量,采用JS94B型微电泳仪对钻井液体系的ξ电位进行了研究。实验中测定了钻井液在不同稀释倍数下ξ电位的变化情况,研究了脱稳剂H2SO4加量与钻井液临界ξ电位的关系,从而得出H2SO4加入量以045mL/100g废钻井液为宜,其临界ξ电位为-752997mV。     

Computer and mobile phone waste in urban India: an analysis from the perspectives of public perception,consumption and disposal behaviour

Sustainable management of Electronic waste (E-waste) is a major challenge for contemporary India, an emerging economy burdened with both the domestic generation and illegal import of E-waste. Considering the ever-increasing complexities of E-waste in Indian cities, this paper aims to evaluate the current trends, opportunities and challenges associated with consumption of electronic items (with respect to computers and mobile phones) and disposal of E-waste in urban India. Bangalore, a city popularly known as the ‘Silicon Valley of India’, is considered as a case study in order to evaluate public awareness, household consumption and E-waste disposal behaviours. The city profile of Bangalore indicates that it has a rapidly emerging market for electronics and thus, has the potential to act as a ‘model’ for evaluating the issues concerning E-waste in metropolitan India. Questionnaires were distributed originally among 300 households with an effective response rate of 63.3%. The results indicate that the majority of households (59.3%) still retain their obsolete electronics due to lack of knowledge about proper E-waste management. High awareness about E-waste and high willingness to recycle/repair their E-waste (above 80% in both cases) are yet to be translated into responsible disposal/recycling behaviour as 95.8% of households have no knowledge about the presence of any formal recycling centre. Income, education, age and gender dimensions associated with E-waste disposal behaviour and awareness were also evaluated. Although we found no gender differences for most of the parameters, there have been some interesting correlations in age and income-wise segregation of disposal behaviour. We noted that the city of Bangalore still possesses some typical Indian socio-cultural characteristics, such as considering E-waste as ‘valuables’, changing several hands before final disposal, defying ‘brand’ or ‘looks’ consciousness, etc., which could be directed towards responsible E-waste disposal behaviours. We suggest that establishing appropriate and convenient E-waste collection/recycling facilities, ensuring responsible household disposal behaviour, implementing effective laws and legislation, and organizing mass E-waste awareness campaigns would aid in addressing the current E-waste concerns in the city.     

浅谈放射性废物的处理及处置

本文介绍了放射性废物的主要来源，综述了１０多年来，国内外对放射性废物采取的处理、处置方法，并介绍了关于我国中、低水平放射性废物的环境政策。     

生物接触氧化法处理生活污水

在生物滤池处理生活污水的基础上发展一种利用生物膜处理废水的新方法─—生物接触氧化法。其中心处理构筑物是接触氧化池，池内装有多种填料。从监测结果分析，虽然处理后水质都符合国家排放标准，但BOD5的去除率比较低，只有69％，由于监测是在试运行刚结束进行的，如果一切运行正常，BOD5的去除率可达90％以上。生物接触氧化法是目前比较成熟的生化处理方法，对含有大量有机污染物的生活污水处理效果较好，且处理后的污水还可进行灌溉、建筑、冲洗等重复利用。     

利用微生物絮凝剂解决钻井污水治理中存在的问题

钻井污水处理中存在着混凝剂效力不高，处理费用较高并易造成二次污染等问题。解决问题的途径是研究开发机械处理技术和有机高分子絮凝剂。建议利用微生物絮凝剂处理钻井污水，以消除废水处理中的二次污染，提高净化效果，降低成本。     

环境治理工程验收监测存在问题及对策

本文论述了当前我国环境治理工程验收监测工作中存在的问题，提出了在验收监测中应严格遵守监测规范，适当增加监测频次，准确、客观地评价监测结果，充分地为企业服务的对策。     

Environmental Monitoring and Impact Assessment of a Solid Waste Disposal Site

The objective of this study is an attempt to conduct an environmentalmonitoring and impact assessment of the On-Nooch solid waste disposal sitein Bangkok, Thailand. Four water and five air sampling stations (2 upwindand 3 downwind directions) were established at the site. Grab water samplesfrom leachate treatment plant and Khlong Song Hong, a nearby stream, werecollected during the rainy and dry seasons. Analytical results of the wastewater discharged by the leachate treatment plant, during dry season showedchemical oxygen demand: 618 mg/l; biochemical oxygen demand: 80 mg/l;suspended solid: 101 mg/l; Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen: 283 mg/l, which werestill higher than standard limit for effluents in Thailand. During the dryseason, results also showed widespread heavy metal pollution from leachate(chromium: 1.03 mg/l; manganese: 1.07 mg/l; mercury: 0.025 mg/l) and werehigher than the allowable level of heavy metals for the Industrial EffluentStandard in Thailand. The direct discharge of untreated leachate into inlandwater will cause considerable water pollution in the study area. Compositeair samples in this study area were collected during the rainy and dryseasons and were analyzed for methane (CH₄), carbon dioxide(CO₂), carbon monoxide (CO), sulphur dioxide(SO₂), nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) andsuspended particulate matter (SPM). The average concentration of SPM rangedbetween 0.1–0.36 mg/m³ for 24-hour average, dependingupon the season. The level of CH₄ and CO₂ inthe ambient air of the study area were found to be 3.48–65.71mg/m³ and 886-1758 mg/m³ respectively which weremuch higher than the normal concentration of CH₄ andCO₂ in the air (CH₄: 2.41 mg/m³;CO₂: 585 mg/m³). Hence, adverse health andenvironmental effects could be expected from water and air pollution.     

滴灌方式和生物质炭对温室土壤矿质态氮及其微生物调控的影响

滴灌和生物质炭添加均可影响土壤氮的形态及转化.深入了解滴灌方式和生物质炭对土壤矿质态氮和参与矿质态氮转化关键功能基因及微生物种群的综合影响,对改善设施农业生产管理方式,提高水分和氮源利用效率,降低硝酸盐积累及其淋失引起的地下水污染具有重要指导意义.在日光温室设置地表滴灌(D)、插入式滴灌(ID,插入深度15 cm)、地表滴灌+10 t·hm~(-2)生物质炭(DB)和插入式滴灌+10 t·hm~(-2)生物质炭(IDB,插深15 cm)这4个处理,以收获期辣椒根际和非根际土壤为研究对象.结果发现,非根际和根际土壤铵态氮含量不受滴灌方式和生物质炭的影响.与地表滴灌相比,插入式滴灌显著降低了非根际土壤硝态氮的含量(P0.05),但生物质炭削弱了这种差异.同种滴灌方式下,生物质炭添加降低了根际土壤硝态氮的含量.生物质炭添加降低了地表滴灌辣椒非根际土壤AOA、AOB和nirK基因拷贝数以及根际土壤AOA基因拷贝数(P0.05),提高了两种滴灌方式根际土壤AOB和nirK基因拷贝数(P0.05).结构方程模型分析结果显示,在非根际和根际土壤中,pH和电导率分别是对铵态氮和硝态氮含量影响最大的环境因子,AOB基因拷贝数是对硝态氮影响最大的生物因子.基于PICRUSt功能预测,γ-变形菌纲菌属对氨单加氧酶基因(K10945)表达的贡献高于其它菌属;α-变形菌纲,尤其是根瘤菌成员对参与含铜离子的亚硝酸还原酶基因(K00368)表达的贡献高于其他菌属.生物质炭对非根际土壤K10945和根际土壤K00368同源基因细菌群落结构的影响显著(P0.05).综上所述,相对于滴灌方式,生物质炭的添加对设施农业土壤硝态氮氮含量及其转化的关键微生物影响更大.     

生物质炭与强还原处理对退化设施蔬菜地土壤温室气体排放的影响

生物质炭和土壤强还原处理（Reductive Soil Disinfestation, RSD）可以有效地修复退化设施蔬菜地土壤,但2种修复技术联用对土壤温室气体（CO₂、N₂O和CH₄）排放的影响研究报道较少.本研究采用室内培养实验,设置未修复土壤（CK）、生物质炭修复（BC）、RSD修复（RSD）和BC与RSD联合修复（BC+RSD）4个处理,35℃条件下培养15 d,研究BC与RSD单独以及联合修复对退化设施蔬菜地土壤温室气体排放和综合温室效应（Global Warming Potential, GWP）的影响.结果表明,与对照CK相比,BC处理土壤N₂O排放量显著下降了50.0%,但CO₂排放量和GWP均显著增加（p<0.05）;RSD和BC+RSD处理土壤CO₂、N₂O、CH₄排放量和GWP均大幅度增加.但与RSD处理相比,BC+RSD处理土壤N₂O排放量和GWP分别下降了71.0%和30.0%.相关分析表明,土壤CO₂、N₂O、CH₄排放量和GWP与可溶性有机碳（DOC）和铵态氮（NH₄⁺-N）显著正相关,与pH和硝态氮（NO₃^--N）显著负相关.可见,生物质炭可以减少退化设施蔬菜地RSD修复引起的GWP.     

高浓度废水处理技术在柴油碱渣处理中的应用

炼厂柴油碱渣废水中含有成分复杂的酚及硫化物,因而其浓度较高。大港石化公司运用高浓度废水处理技术进行生物前期处理,其装置试运及柴油碱渣标定应用表明该技术先进。在生物处理过程中,工艺系统运行安全可靠,各项技术指标都达到或超过设计目标。其中,CODCr由处理前的34744mg/L降低到370mg/L,氨氮控制在50mg/L以下。高浓度废水处理技术流程简单,对周边环境无污染。