外加葡萄糖对洱海沉积物溶解性有机质光谱特征影响

利用三维荧光光谱(3DEEM)技术,研究了外加葡萄糖对洱海沉积物中DOM(溶解性有机质)释放和转化的影响以及DOM的光谱特征变化. 培养试验设4个处理(C₁、C₂、C₃、C₄),ρ(葡萄糖)分别为0、50、100和200mg/L. 结果表明:①洱海沉积物DOM出现了6种荧光峰,分别代表类蛋白荧光物质和类富里酸荧光物质,并且荧光峰位置在1~8d呈“蓝移”现象,8~17d呈“红移”现象. ②紫外区与可见区类富里酸(峰A和峰M)随培养时间延长逐渐升高,其中C₄处理的峰A荧光强度小于C₁处理;在培养初期C₄处理的峰M荧光强度小于C₁处理,培养后期则相反. ③随着培养时间延长,上覆水中类蛋白荧光强度呈“单峰”曲线变化,其峰值均出现在培养后第8天,在整个培养过程中,类蛋白荧光强度均表现为C₄处理>C₁处理. 外加葡萄糖可促进洱海沉积物DOM转化,使部分微生物难利用的DOM转化为易被微生物利用的类酪氨酸、类色氨酸等类蛋白物质.      

矿化度对淡水浮游植物生长及群落结构的影响

以博斯腾湖原水为培养液,通过添加SO₄2-和Cl-调节培养液的矿化度分别为0.5、1.5、3.5、10.0g/L,考察不同矿化度对浮游植物生长及群落结构的影响. 结果表明:在对数生长期内,浮游植物生物量、比增长率及ρ(Chla)均随矿化度的增加而升高;生长后期高矿化度(10.0g/L)对浮游植物有抑制作用. 在各矿化度下的浮游植物优势门类均为硅藻门,其生物量占藻类总生物量的95%以上. 随着矿化度升高,蓝藻门有较好的适应性,能够生长,但绿藻门受到明显抑制. 试验显示,优势属为脆杆藻(Fragilaria)、针杆藻(Synedra)、舟形藻(Navicula)和羽纹藻(Pinnularia). 矿化度为0.5g/L时很少出现舟形藻,但随着矿化度的升高,舟形藻逐渐成为优势种,其生物量占18.51%~26.18%;羽纹藻生物量在矿化度为0.5和1.5g/L时所占比例分别达3.40%和4.94%,在高矿化度(3.5~10.0g/L)下则极少出现,不再具有优势. 研究表明,舟形藻和羽纹藻可作为博斯腾湖咸化过程的参考藻种.      

Devising indicators of sustainable development for the mining and minerals industry: An analysis of critical background issues

The exact application of sustainable development in the mining and minerals industry has precipitated considerable debate in recent years. Since the publication of the Brundtland Commission's Report, Our Common Future, numerous explanations have been put forth in an attempt to define sustainable development in the mining and minerals context. Specifically, the inability of the Brundtland Report to outline an effective sustainability framework, combined with its contention that no single blueprint for sustainable development exists, has prompted a number of academics and practitioners to provide personal viewpoints on the application of sustainable development in the mining and minerals industry. This paper focuses on one aspect of the mining and minerals-sustainable development debate: the corporate perspective. It first uses the burgeoning body of literature to define sustainable development in the corporate mining context. Second, it addresses, against the background of this interpretation, many of the salient issues associated with developing a series of plausible Sustainable Development Indicators (SDIs) for use in the mining and minerals extraction industry. The paper clearly illustrates the difficulty in both arriving at a suitable working definition of sustainable development for an industry, and developing an acceptable set of universal standards for measuring environmental and socioeconomic performance.     

Preparation of a novel anion exchange group modified hyper-crosslinked resin for the effective adsorption of both tetracycline and humic acid

A novel hyper-crosslinked resin (MENQ) modified with an anion exchange group was prepared using divinylbenzene (DVB) and methyl acrylate (MA) as comonomers via four steps: suspension polymerization, post-crosslinking, ammonolysis and alkylation reactions. The obtained resin had both a high specific surface area (793.34 m²·g^-1) and a large exchange capacity (strong base anion exchange capacity, SEC: 0.74 mmol·g^-1, weak base anion exchange capacity, WEC: 0.45 mmol·g^-1). XAD-4 was selected as an adsorbent for comparison to investigate the adsorption behavior of tetracycline (TC) and humic acid (HA) onto the adsorbents. The results revealed that MENQ could effectively remove both TC and HA. The adsorption capacity of XAD-4 for TC was similar to that of MENQ, but XAD-4 exhibited poor performance for the adsorption of HA. The adsorption isotherms of TC and HA were well-fitted with the Freundlich model, which indicated the existence of heterogeneous adsorption through cation-π bonding and π–π interactions. The optimal solution condition for the adsorption of TC was at a pH of 5–6, whereas the adsorption of HA was enhanced with increasing pH of the solution.     

长江口及邻近海域溶解铋的分布变化特征及影响因素

利用氢化物发生原子荧光光谱法测定了长江口及邻近海域水体中溶解铋的含量,探讨了海水中溶解铋的分布特征、可能来源及影响因素.结果表明,在表、底两层水体中溶解铋含量分别为0.007—0.086 nmol.L-1和0.007—0.025 nmol.L-1,平均值分别为0.033 nmol.L-1和0.014 nmol.L-1.在空间分布上,表层水体中的溶解铋具有明显的梯度变化,在长江冲淡水所及区域含量较低.而在杭州湾及其同纬度地区的高值区可能是由于钱塘江等河流的输入及海水的平流作用引起.温度和盐度分布特征可以反映研究区域水团输入特征,研究表明,溶解铋含量与盐度呈显著负相关,而与温度呈正相关关系,进一步印证了水团输入对溶解铋空间分布的影响,同时也说明河口地区溶解铋在一定盐度范围内的行为是保守的,在河口地区并未发生明显转移.溶解铋除了受沿岸水体输入影响外,吸附-解吸附过程也是影响其分布的重要因素.研究显示,溶解氧、温度和pH是控制铋在颗粒物中吸附-解吸过程的主要环境因素,它们通过控制溶解度和吸附作用来影响水体中溶解铋的分布和地球化学行为.     

溶解性有机质对菲在沉积物上吸附与解吸性能的影响

采集了北京通州凉水河(标记为L)以及广东东江流域(标记为D)的沉积物,并进行菲(Phe)的连续吸附-解吸实验,研究了不同含量及组成的溶解性有机质(DOMs)对其吸附与解吸性能的影响.结果表明,DOMs能明显抑制菲在沉积物上的吸附,在实验浓度范围内(0~110mg/L),菲在沉积物上的吸附量与DOC浓度呈显著的负线性相关,并且DOC浓度越高,对吸附作用的抑制越显著.在溶解性有机质存在条件下,菲在2种沉积物上的吸附均呈线性吸附特征,kd值随加入沉积物浸出液DOC浓度的减小呈增大的趋势.菲在2种沉积物上的解吸过程均呈现一定的迟滞性,其解吸迟滞性可用热力学指数TII来描述.随着菲初始浓度的增加,TII值先减小后增加,其变化可以用吸附在高低位点上的菲分子比例以及菲分子是否能够被禁锢在吸附剂微孔内部来加以解释;溶解性有机质的存在,能促进菲从沉积物上的解吸,从而使菲的解吸滞后性减弱, 增强其在水环境介质中的迁移与传输能力.     

PAC和PAFC对内循环连续砂滤器处理石化二级出水的影响

采用PAC（聚合氯化铝）和PAFC（聚合氯化铝铁）作为絮凝剂,探讨不同絮凝剂及其投量对于内循环连续砂滤器处理效果和滤料板结潜在趋势的影响.结果表明,PAC和PAFC投量由5mg/L升至30mg/L时,COD和SS的去除率随着投加量的增大均呈现出先升高后降低的趋势.10mg/L为试验水质下的最佳投量,在该投量下,PAC对SS和COD去除率为分别为49.7%和12.9%;PAFC对SS和COD去除率分别为50.6%和13.8%.内循环连续砂滤器主要去除的是相对分子量在3k以上的溶解性有机物,但对相对分子量1k以下的溶解性有机物去除效果不好,总DOC去除率低于5%,需进一步深度处理以满足最新的排放标准.PAFC混合液比PAC混合液黏度低,有利于缓解滤料板结.总体来看,更适合于石化二级出水的混凝剂为PAFC,最佳投量为10-15mg/L,可保障对SS高效去除同时并使内循环连续砂滤器运行更加稳定.     

AOB溶解氧亲和力低于NOB条件下序批反应器中NOB淘汰的实现机制

经精确测定AOB和NOB的溶解氧半速度常数及其他动力学参数,研究在AOB溶解氧亲和力低于NOB条件下,在序批反应器中短程硝化实现机制.测得AOB和NOB的溶解氧半速度常数分别为0.46和0.14mg O₂/L.在这种条件下,AOB的最大比生长速率高于NOB是实现短程硝化的重要特点,测得的AOB和NOB最大比生长速率分别为0.65和0.45d^-1.两级硝化数学模拟的结果表明,在AOB的溶解氧亲和力低于NOB条件下,低溶解氧和高泥龄都不利于短程硝化实现,而较高溶解氧和低泥龄的组合条件有利于短程硝化实现.在序批反应中的实验结果验证了数学模拟结论的正确性.     

河流底泥中溶解性有机物的释放途径及影响因素研究

以沈阳市新开河底泥为研究对象,考察了河流底泥中溶解性有机物（DOM）的释放途径,并分析了时间、温度、pH值、底泥粒径、盐度和上覆水体中溶解性有机碳（DOC）浓度对河流底泥DOM释放的影响.此外,还研究了底泥释放对上覆水体中DOM的光谱学特性的影响.结果表明,对底泥DOM释放影响程度最高的是间隙水的混合作用,其次是底泥表层静态释放,而悬浮颗粒释放对底泥DOM释放的影响程度较小.底泥DOM的释放量随温度,pH值,底泥粒径,盐度的增大而增大.上覆水体DOC浓度较高时,DOM由上覆水体向底泥迁移.扰动作用能够影响底泥DOM的迁移.类富里酸荧光物质和类芳香族蛋白质荧光物质是底泥DOM中的主要荧光物质.河流底泥DOM向上覆水体释放的主要是激发波长分别为280~300nm和320~380nm的荧光物质.并且,扰动作用促进了荧光物质由底泥向上覆水体的释放.     

Quantitative characterization of Cu binding potential of dissolved organic matter （DOM） in sediment from Taihu Lake using multiple techniques

Dissolved organic matter （DOM） plays an important role in heavy metal speciation and distribution in the aquatic environment especially for eutrophic lakes which have higher DOM concentration. Taihu Lake is the third largest freshwater and a high eutrophic lake in the downstream of the Yangtze River, China. In the lake, frequent breakout of algae blooms greatly increased the concentration of different organic matters in the lake sediment. In this study, sediment samples were collected from various part of Taihu Lake to explore the spatial difference in the binding potential of DOM with Cu. The titration experiment was adopted to quantitatively characterize the interaction between Cu（II） and DOM extracted from Taihu Lake sediments using ion selective electrode （ISE） and fluorescence quenching technology. The ISE results showed that the exogenous DOM had higher binding ability than endogenous DOM, and DOM derived from aquatic macrophytes had a higher binding ability than that derived from algae. The fluorescence quenching results indicated that humic substances played a key role in the complexation between DOM and Cu（II） in the lake. However, because of the frequent breakout of algae blooms, protein-like matters are also main component like hnmic matters in Taihu Lake. Therefore, the metals bound by protein-like substances should be caused concern as protein-like substances in DOM were unstable and they will release bound metal when decomposed.