夏季滇池不同来源溶解性有机磷特征及其生物有效性

夏季选取了滇池不同来源(滇池湖体、入湖河流和大气降雨)水样,研究了其溶解性有机磷(DOP)含量及分布特征,并利用酶水解技术表征了其DOP生物有效性.结果表明,滇池湖体、入湖河流和大气降雨DOP浓度分别在0.001~0.117,0.002~1.722,0.006~0.112mg/L(平均0.027,0.197,0.037mg/L),分别占溶解性总磷(DTP)的18.3%~92.5%,4.2%~100%,25.4%~100%(平均55.3%,60%,58.9%),不同来源DTP均以DOP为主,入湖河流DOP浓度明显高于滇池湖体和大气降雨.不同来源DOP酶可水解磷(EHP)浓度分别为n.d.~0.058,n.d.~0.673,n.d.~0.031mg/L(平均0.017,0.064,0.010mg/L),分别占DOP的0%~127.5%,0%~105.6%,0%~55.6%(平均77.9%,38.7%,23.2%).不同来源DOP酶水解率(EHP/DOP)较高,滇池湖体DOP酶水解率明显高于入湖河流和大气降雨.不同来源DOP时空分布特征明显,且其生物有效性存在较大差异.其中,滇池湖体EHP以活性单酯磷和类植酸磷为主,入湖河流和大气降雨EHP以活性单酯磷为主,尤其是大气降雨二酯磷和类植酸磷含量较少,滇池湖体、入湖河流和大气降雨DOP生物有效性依次降低.不同来源DOP是与溶解性反应磷(SRP)同等规模的生物可利用磷源,二者共同维持了滇池富营养化.滇池治理要从全流域出发,考虑不同来源各形态磷对水质的影响.     

进水C/N对富集聚磷菌的SNDPR系统脱氮除磷的影响

为了解富集聚磷菌(PAOs)的同步硝化反硝化除磷(SNDPR)系统的脱氮除磷特性,采用延时厌氧(180min)/低氧(溶解氧0.5~1.0mg/L)运行的SBR反应器,以实际生活污水为处理对象, 通过投加固态乙酸钠调节进水C/N值(约为11,8,4,3),考察其对系统脱氮除磷特性及同步硝化反硝化(SND)脱氮率的影响.结果表明:C/N对系统的除磷性能没有影响,出水PO43--P浓度均稳定在0.3mg/L左右,这是由于系统内聚磷菌(PAOs)含量高,且在低氧段可同时发生好氧吸磷与反硝化吸磷.随着C/N的增大,出水NH4+-N浓度升高,C/N下降时,出水NO3--N浓度升高.此外,随着C/N的减小,厌氧段反硝化所消耗的COD占进水COD的比例增大,SND可利用的内碳源-PHAs储存量减少,但PHV的利用率增加;当C/N为4~8时,SND现象最明显,SND脱氮率达50.8%,而其它C/N条件下,SND脱氮率都有相应程度的减弱.C/N为8时,系统出水综合指标最好,TN去除率高达80.8%.     

紫外光对冬季近岸海水中溶解性气态汞产生的影响

现场采集青岛近岸海水样品,在紫外UVA、UVB辐照和黑暗对照条件下对不同过滤海水分别进行汞的还原实验,计算累积释放量,模拟计算还原反应速率.结果表明,紫外光照射下,海水溶解性气态汞(DGM)产量呈现先显著增加后逐渐降低的趋势,累积产量逐渐增加,最后趋于稳定,符合准一级反应动力学模型,紫外光照射下DGM累积产量远高于黑暗对照,紫外光促进汞的还原,特别是促进了海水中Hg2+的产生.紫外光下DGM的产生速率常数在0.057~0.214h-1之间,0.2μm过滤海水高于未过滤海水,颗粒物具有抑制效应;在氩气吹脱时,UVB照射下的反应速率大于UVA,空气吹脱条件下结论相反,氧气参与了汞的光氧化还原过程.     

长江大通站溶解有机氮生物可利用性潜力及输入通量

根据2012~2013年度隔月对长江大通站的6次调查,分析了长江水体中溶解态总氮(TDN)的构成,包括溶解无机氮(DIN)及溶解有机氮(DON)中的尿素、自由态氨基酸(DFAA)、结合态氨基酸(DCAA)的构成和丰度,并评价了DON的生物利用性潜力,估算了不同形态氮的输入通量.结果表明,受稀释作用和悬浮颗粒物吸附影响,长江水体中DON浓度呈现出春冬季高、夏秋季低的变化特征,平均浓度为(33.28±21.35)μmol/L,占TDN比例平均为20.05%±13.53%;DON中组分尿素、DFAA和DCAA占DON的氮摩尔占比分别为21.94%±19.89%、0.84%±0.52%、3.68%±2.61%.其中,尿素浓度受季节性施肥灌溉影响,与径流量呈现出明显的正相关.总溶解态氨基酸(TDAA)占溶解有机碳(DOC)的碳摩尔分数和氨基酸降解指数均表明长江水体中DON具有较高的生物可利用性,且呈现出春夏季高、秋冬季低的变化趋势.DON的年输入通量为42.04万t,约占TDN年输入通量的17%.其中,具有高生物可利用性的尿素、DFAA、DCAA分别占DON年通量的15.50%、0.64%、2.80%.上述结果表明,长江输入的DON具有相当高的生物可利用性,对长江口及其邻近海域富营养化的贡献不可忽视.     

渔业养殖区溶解性有机质的来源、组成及其对汞甲基化的影响

溶解性有机质（DOM）对水生环境中汞的赋存形态及转化过程具有极其重要的影响.但从更加微观的角度,如DOM的组成部分及其官能团特征等,却缺乏相关研究以阐明DOM影响汞形态转化的机制.为探究渔业养殖区来源于不同有机物（如残饵、鱼粪和底泥）的DOM各亚组分对水体中汞甲基化的影响,应用多级树脂联用技术,将渔业养殖区不同来源的DOM分离出6种亚组分,利用室内培养方式进行Hg²⁺的甲基化试验.傅里叶红外光谱分析结果表明,DOM中含有各种不同的官能团.亲水性组分主要包含羟基、羧基等极性较强的官能团;疏水性组分则包含一些无极性或者弱极性官能团如甲基、亚甲基和酚羟基等.疏水性亚组分是DOM的主要组成成分,其中又以疏水性碱性物质（HOB）为最,在有机物腐解过程中一直占有最大的比重.总体而言,疏水性有机组分对汞甲基化的促进作用显著高于亲水性有机组分;这主要是因为亲水性有机组分含有大量的羧基、羟基等官能团,可以更好地与活性Hg²⁺结合,降低甲基化反应的底物浓度,从而抑制甲基化发生.而疏水性组分对汞亲和性较弱,而且所含酚羟基以及还原性含硫基团等都可作为电子供体,从而促进汞甲基化的发生.从总体来说,在有机质腐解过程中,各种非同源有机质所形成的HOB对汞甲基化的促进作用不断增强.     

蓝藻衰亡过程中上覆水溶解性有机物变化特征

为探究蓝藻水华衰亡过程中溶解性有机物（DOM）的迁移转化机制,本文对蓝藻衰亡过程进行室内模拟实验,基于紫外-可见光谱（UV-vis）和三维荧光光谱（EEMs）表征上覆水溶解性有机物的光谱特征,同时分析水质理化指标及溶解性有机碳（DOC）、溶解性无机碳（DIC）含量变化.结果表明,蓝藻衰亡初期阶段释放出大量有机质,溶解氧（DO）急剧降低,随着反应时间延长,DOC逐渐转变为DIC,改变了水体氧化还原环境和酸碱环境;UV-vis光谱显示蓝藻衰亡释放出大量芳香性很高、腐殖化程度高的DOM,并且DOM随反应时间被逐渐降解.通过三维荧光光谱平行因子分析（EEM-PARAFAC）,解析出3种荧光组分,分别为难降解的类腐殖质（C1）,藻类产生的类蛋白质色氨酸（C2）,以及与微生物活动有关的类腐殖质富里酸（C3）.蓝藻衰亡产生的类蛋白质大部分被微生物降解成类富里酸,异养型微生物促进了藻源性DOM的生成,同时也加快了对新生DOM的降解.蓝藻衰亡产生的DOM最终大部分转化为较难降解类腐殖质.对水质参数、UV-vis光谱和EEMs光谱参数进行相关性分析可知,ORP与DO呈显著正相关（P<0.05）,pH与DOC呈显著负相关（P<0.05）,与DOC向DIC转变趋势相吻合;C1与Fn₃₅₅有显著正相关关系（P<0.05）,C2与DOC和Fn₂₈₀都有显著正相关关系（P<0.05）,C3与FI、BIX以及β∶α呈显著正相关（P<0.05）,这些光谱参数的变化趋势与DOM组分变化一致.综上所述,通过对蓝藻水华衰亡过程中上覆水DOM的水质特征和光谱特征的探究,为分析湖泊DOM的动态迁移转化和碳循环的变化提供技术支持.     

冷变形和溶解氧对308L不锈钢焊材应力腐蚀开裂的影响规律

目的 探究冷变形和溶解氧(DO)对308L不锈钢焊材在高温高压水环境中应力腐蚀开裂(SCC)行为的影响规律.方法 采用直流电压降法对308L试样裂纹扩展速率(CGR)进行在线测量,对比原始态、冷变形态308L焊材在DO和氢气除氧两种水环境中的SCC性能.参照F-A模型,结合冷变形前后材料微观组织和试样的断口形貌及裂纹扩...     

WATER QUALITY STRATIFICATION IN SHALLOW WASTEWATER STABILIZATION PONDS1

ABSTRACT: The physical limnology of three modern wastewater stabilization ponds serving a small community in Minnesota was investigated over a 1-year period (July 1989 - October 1990). Water temperatures and associated meteorological parameters were recorded continuously; underwater light, dissolved oxygen, pH, and Secchi depth were measured intermittently (about weekly). Measurements of nutrients and planktonic species were made by other investigators. Water quality stratification dynamics were studied by analyzing variations of water temperature, dissolved oxygen, and pH distributions with time and over depth. Intermittent stratification and mixing of the shallow waste stabilization ponds (1–2 m deep) were documented and related to weather. The strong response of the ponds to seasonal and daily weather variations was observed. Three types of pond stratification conditions have been identified: (1) completely mixed during consecutive day and night, (2) stratified during the day and well-mixed during the night, and (3) continuously stratified during day and night. A diurnal cycle of stratification dynamics was first noticed in late April and persisted through summer and into fall. Differences in light attenuation and hence temperature stratification and DO distribution between pond 1 (primary), pond 2 (second primary) and pond 3 (secondary) in the wastewater treatment system were documented and related to different waste loading conditions. Temperature stratification affects chemical, microbial, and planktonic processes in the ponds. Results presented in this paper can be used to provide guidance for water quality sampling in monitoring of pond performance. Information on true mixing conditions is also needed to gain better understanding of important factors affecting pond operation, and for process simulations and reactor modeling of waste stabilization ponds.     

含藻河流中生化需氧重(BOD_5)水质模拟方法的研究

含丰富藻类的河流由于藻类的光合作用与呼吸作用导致水中的溶解氧变化十分复杂且昼夜的变幅很大。使生化需氧量BOD_5的模拟所需采用的BOD_5—DO耦合模型的求解十分困难。本文根据在绵远河与石亭江的实际研究中采用了罗宾斯模型并作了合理的简化。利用藻类在夜间只有呼吸作用的特点进行溶解氧平衡计算以确定模型参数。在水质模拟中对模拟值与实测值作了比较,可看出模拟精度较好,因此本方法是适用和可取的。     

LAKE MICHIGAN DIVERSION - STREAM QUALITY PLANNING1

ABSTRACT: By United States Supreme Court action, the diversion of water from Lake Michigan and the Lake Michigan Drainage Basin in the Metropolitan Chicago Area is regulated at an annual maximum rate of 3,200 cfs. Approximately 1,700 cfs of this diversion is used for water supply, and the remaining 1,500 cfs consists primarily of stormwater runoff with lesser amounts of direct lake diversion, such as lockage and leakage, navigational makeup water flows, and discretionary diversion needed to maintain water quality standards in the Metropolitan Sanitary District of Greater Chicago's basic waterways. In order to assess the schedule of its discretionary diversion needs, the District, using a computer model of its basic waterway system, has calculated the minimum discretionary diversion requirements for projected water quality conditions as successive elements of the District's water pollution control program are completed. The results of these analyses can be used as a basis for developing plans for future allocations of the limited supply of Lake Michigan water to other uses such as domestic water supply, when and if such supplies become available.