去除制革废水氨氮的工程实例

成都某制革厂设计水量1 600 m3/d,采用"物化处理 生化处理"的工艺.ABR折板式厌氧池使废水中大量有机氮分解为氨氮,厌氧出水氨氮高达100 mg/L左右.针对这种情况,把SBR曝气池活性污泥的培养分为2个阶段,第1阶段使污泥适应此制革废水,并使其对COD有较高的去除率;第2阶段为培养硝化菌阶段,使自养型的硝化菌逐渐增多,活性加强.在第2阶段注意控制碱度和溶解氧,最终使曝气池中硝化菌在无外加碱度的条件下对氨氮有高的去除率.     

Potential for microbially mediated redox transformations and mobilization of arsenic in uncontaminated soils

Surface soil samples, which had no significant As contamination, were examined for As(V) reduction, As(III) oxidation and As mobilization capability. All five soil samples tested exhibited microbial As(V)-reducing activities both in aerobic and anaerobic conditions. Under aerobic conditions when As(V) reduction had almost ceased, oxidation of As(III) to As(V) occurred, whereas only As(V) reduction was observed under anaerobic conditions. In cultures incubated with As(III), As(III) was oxidized by indigenous soil microbes only under aerobic conditions. These results indicate that microbial redox transformations of As are ubiquitous in the natural environment regardless of background As levels. Mobilization through microbially mediated As(V) and Fe(III) reduction occurred both in the presence and absence of oxygen. Significant variation in dissolved As occurred depending on the Fe contents of soils, and re-immobilization of As arose in the presence of oxygen, presumably as a consequence of dissolved As(III) and Fe(II) oxidation. There was no apparent correlation between dissolved Fe(II) and As, suggesting that reductive dissolution of Fe(III) minerals does not necessarily determine the extent of As release from soils.     

Significance of Riverine Hypoxia for Fish: The Case of the Big Sunflower River,Mississippi1

Shields, F. Douglas, Jr. and Scott S. Knight, 2011. Significance of Riverine Hypoxia for Fish: The Case of the Big Sunflower River, Mississippi. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 48(1): 170‐186. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752‐1688.2011.00606.x Abstract: Degraded streams draining low‐relief, intensively cultivated watersheds may experience periods of hypoxia or anoxia. A three‐year study of water chemistry, fish, and physical habitat in the Big Sunflower River in northwestern Mississippi coupled with continuously logged physicochemical and hydrology data provided by others showed prolonged periods of hypoxia associated with higher flows. Fish species richness was directly related to dissolved oxygen (DO) concentration (r² = 0.35, p = 0.00004), and ordination using nonmetric multidimensional scaling (NMS) indicated strong association between fish community structure and DO. Low‐head weirs supported relatively dense and diverse fish communities and thus provided local habitat enhancement, but may create stagnant zones upstream due to backwater effects that exacerbate low DO problems. Although hypoxia has been reported for some lightly degraded rivers and floodplains, our observations suggest hypoxia in Big Sunflower River and similar systems alters fish species composition and should be remediated. Cost‐effective remediation will require better understanding of autotrophic and heterotrophic processes that control DO and the relationship of these processes to discharge.     

气动絮凝强化处理城镇污染河水

为减轻水体污染,缓解环境压力,对典型城镇污染河水进行气动絮凝实验研究。在设定的实验条件下,以某大学中水站格栅后生活污水稀释配制的水样来模拟典型城镇污染河水并作为实验研究对象,以无机高分子聚合物聚合氯化铁铝(PFAC)为絮凝剂,有机高分子聚合物聚丙烯酰胺(PAM)为助凝剂。在此基础上,以浊度、COD、总磷和溶解氧为测定指标,采用连续流的方式进行一系列实验研究。实验结果显示:采用微孔曝气头进行曝气,当混合阶段充气量及絮凝池第一格、第二格充气量分别为1.778 m3空气/m3处理污水量、1.444 m3空气/m3处理污水量和0.622 m3空气/m3处理污水量时,城镇污染河水中污染物的去除效果最佳。其浊度、COD、TP的去除率可分别达93.6%、68.6%和73.5%。此外,在处理效果良好的前提下,沉淀池出水口出水溶解氧含量均能保持在2.29 mg/L左右。     

地下水修复系统中释氧材料的改进及pH调控

在采用释氧材料的地下水污染修复系统中,释氧材料提供溶解氧的同时,往往造成体系pH的升高。针对这一问题,将过氧化钙(CaO2)、水泥、河沙、膨润土和KH2PO4按一定比例混合在一起制作了3种释氧材料,并在柱实验中观测了不同释氧材料对水体溶解氧(DO)及pH值的影响。实验数据表明,水泥对释氧材料的缓释作用明显,有助于保证释氧速率平稳,避免由于释氧材料反应过快所带来的高pH问题;在释氧材料中添加一定量KH2PO4(质量分数小于10%),可以起到缓冲体系pH值的作用,并且不会造成修复系统磷污染;电气石具有降低溶液高pH值的作用,以粒径为1～2 mm的电气石作缓冲介质可以将体系pH值由11.3降至10.2。     

分段进水对人工快渗系统脱氮效率的影响

为提高人工快速渗滤系统（CRI）的处理效率,研究了分段进水方式下以河砂/钢渣（1#）和河砂/天然沸石（2#）为填料的两个快渗池中氮的垂直分布规律,以及对氨氮、硝酸盐氮、亚硝酸盐氮及总氮四种形态的氮和CODMn的去除效果。结果表明,1#池、2#池采用2∶1的进水比例在表层下600 mm处分段进水对总氮的平均去除率分别为50.90%和45.93%,相对常规进水1#、2#池总氮去除率分别提高12.45%和12.23%,但对氨氮及CODMn的去除率影响较小;1#池、2#池采用1∶1的进水比例在表层下1000 mm处分段进水对总氮的平均去除率分别为47.80%和36.21%,相对常规进水1#、2#池总氮去除率分别提高9.35%和2.51%,但是对氨氮及CODMn的去除率大幅下降。CRI系统中不同形态氮、DO及ORP垂直分布特征显示表层为好氧环境,有利于有机物的分解及硝化作用,底层为缺氧环境,有利于反硝化作用的顺利进行。此外,相对于天然沸石而言钢渣对污染物具有更好的去污效果。本研究表明,选取适当的分段进水位置及进水比例是提高CRI系统对氮的去除率的有效途径。     

臭氧对饮用水管网中溶解性有机物的影响

利用生物膜环状反应器模拟配水管网系统,将水厂砂滤池出水经过臭氧氧化后投加氯然后进入该模拟管网,另外把水厂砂滤池出水加氯后通入另一模拟管网作为对照实验。通过对两管网出水余氯、总铁、浊度、溶解性有机物(DOC)、以及消毒副产物三卤甲烷(THMs)、卤乙酸(HAAs)生成情况的测定,研究了饮用水臭氧处理对管网出水水质的影响。单因素方差分析结果表明,两管网出水的余氯、总铁、浊度以及THMs、HAAs含量相差不大,但DOC在臭氧氯管网中消耗较多。同时通过高效凝胶色谱(HPSEC),红外光谱(FTIR)和三维荧光光谱(EEM)表征了不同管网进出水DOC变化,结果表明,臭氧氧化后的管网出水中溶解性有机物荧光光谱中三区富里酸和五区腐植酸荧光峰值(ФⅢ+Ⅴ,n)减小较多,管网出水消毒副产物稍有增加。     

Relative influence of the dissolved humic material on the solid-phase extraction efficiency of pesticides from environmental water

The effect of organic matter on the solid-phase extraction (SPE) efficiency for pesticides belonging to different chemical groups (urea-derivatives, carbamates and triazines) and having different polarities, was simultaneously studied for the first time in pure and simulated water samples. SPE was carried out in precolumns packed with C18 silica or styrene-divinylbenzene copolymer PLRP-S phases on-line coupled to high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis. Retention factors in water (k'_W) were estimated for 25 compounds and used for the calculation of the theoretical breakthrough volume (Vb_T) in pure water. Experimental breakthrough volumes (Vb_E) were first determined using purified and deionized water as the matrix for selected compounds having Vb_T < 500 mL; then, the same water with an added humic acid sodium salt (HA) at 0.4–5.6 mg/L of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) content, was used as the matrix for compounds having VbE < 500 mL in pure water. Several polar pesticides showed negative linear or logarithmic Vb_E curves depending on HA content; their recoveries were also determined in environmental samples having low dissolved organic carbon values, between 0.5–6.4 mg/L. A similar behavior was observed for these compounds in simulated and natural water samples, where DOC concentration and the percolated volume (Vp) mainly determine the solute recoveries values. However, the variation of recoveries as a function of DOC content could be negative or null depending on the two examined conditions (Vp lower or larger than Vb_E in pure water). Results demonstrated that breakthrough volume must always be considered to correctly interpret the participation of dissolved humic material on the SPE efficiency of organic micropollutants in water.     

四氢呋喃对贴沙河水pH、溶解氧及微生物的影响

四氢呋喃是一种应用非常广泛的工业有机溶剂和中间体,但因其高水溶性和难生物降解性,使得四氢呋喃极容易进入水体和土壤中,造成环境污染。由于水具有流动性,污染物易随水体扩散,因此考察四氢呋喃对于水质的影响更显紧迫。选择了杭州市饮用水源——贴沙河作为考察对象,测定不同浓度四氢呋喃引起的贴沙河水短期和长期pH、溶解氧及可培养微生物数量这3个重要水质指标的变化,研究四氢呋喃对水体可能造成的影响。结果经过统计分析发现,四氢呋喃的添加使得水体pH随其浓度增加而显著上升;与空白对照相比,四氢呋喃使水体中微生物数量显著下降,但在实验设定不同浓度之间差异性不显著;四氢呋喃对河水溶解氧的影响不显著。     

生物强化组合工艺处理河水的三维荧光及生物多样性分析

通过对受污染地表水进行生物滤池-臭氧预氧化-生物活性炭滤池工艺处理,考察生物强化条件下该项工艺对河水中主要污染物的净化效果,并采用EEM光谱技术进行了溶解性有机物变化和去除规律分析,利用PCR-DGGE技术进行各单元中微生物多样性对比分析。结果表明,生物强化组合工艺系统出水水质主要指标已达到/接近地表水环境质量标准(GB 3838-2002)Ⅳ类限值,生物强化滤池填料中微生物多样性指数和物种数均高于其他工艺单元。受污染河水DOM中主要的荧光物质有类芳香族蛋白质(荧光峰A、B和E)及类腐殖酸(荧光峰C)及类富里酸(荧光峰D),其中,A峰、B峰与E峰的中心位置分别位于225/340 nm、275/336 nm和225/298 nm,各特征荧光峰强度发生明显改变表明,污水中溶解性有机物的含量随系统处理过程而变化。