Effects of COD/N ratio and DO concentration on simultaneous nitrification and denitrification in an airlift internal circulation membrane bioreactor

The effects of chemical oxygen demand and nitrogen(COD/N)ratio and dissolved oxygen concentration(DO)on simultaneous nitrification and denitrification(SND)were investigated using an airlift internal circulation membrane bioreactor(AIC-MBR)with synthetic wastewater.The results showed that the COD efficiencies were consistently greater than 90% regardless of changes in the COD/N ratio.At the COD/N ratio of 4.77 and 10.04,the system nitrogen removal efficiency became higher than 70%.However,the nitrogen rem...     

土壤环境汞形态及吸附解吸研究进展

汞污染一直是全球备受关注的问题,由于土壤是环境汞的源和汇,因此已经开展了大量相关的研究工作。本论文系统总结了土壤环境汞形态及吸附解吸特征的研究现状,综述了不同类型土壤汞的背景含量,以及汞在土壤中的赋存形态,分析了土壤汞吸附特征及几种典型的土壤吸附剂（粘土矿物、铁锰氧化物、硫化物和土壤有机质）对汞吸附的作用机制。     

An Experimental Study on the Effect of Electrolytic Concentration on the Rate of Hydrogen Production

The effects of concentration of electrolytes on hydrogen production rate (HPR) at different applied voltages were experimentally evaluated in this research paper. The rate of hydrogen production was found to be directly proportional to the concentration of total dissolved solids and the efficiency did not change much with the change in the concentration of solids. Sensitivity analysis of the electrolysis system was also carried out to understand the relative importance of concentration of total dissolved solids (TDS) on the HPR, which can help for an optimum design.     

不同原料生物质炭DOM组分成分特性

不同原料的生物质炭DOM含量和组分存在差异,选取水稻秸秆（RS）、小麦秸秆（WS）、大豆秸秆（SS）、油菜秸秆（YS）、花生壳（PH）、松木屑（PW）和竹粉（BS）7种生物质原料在450 ℃下制备的生物质炭,采用紫外-可见光光谱（UV-vis）、荧光光谱（EEM）结合平行因子分析（PARAFAC）技术对生物质炭中DOM的光谱特征和荧光组分进行表征.结果表明：木本类生物质炭的DOM含量较秸秆类生物质炭低,分子量较高.从生物质炭DOM中鉴定分离可见区类富里酸组分（C1）、较短波长类腐殖酸组分（C2）、较长波长类腐殖酸组分（C3）和类蛋白质组分（C4）等4种组分.不同原料生物质炭DOM各组分的最大荧光强度（F_max）值表现为C1 ＞ C2 ＞ C3 、C4,秸秆类炭DOM各组分的F_max值显著高于木本类.生物质炭DOM中以C1组分占主导地位,占比达48.87% ~ 79.97%.C2、C3组分在YSB、SSB-DOM中占比最高,分别达32.71%和23.25% ,仅在YSB和PHB-DOM中发现少量C4组分.木本类原料的有机和无机矿物含量远低于秸秆类,原料中纤维素含量与生物质炭DOM总量及其C3组分呈显著的正相关关系, Ca含量与生物质炭的DOM含量及其F_max值和C3组分呈显著正相关,说明不同生物质原料的组成对生物质炭DOM组成特性具有显著的影响,研究结果为全面评估不同原料生物质炭DOM的环境效应提供重要的科学理论依据.     

Phosphate rock production and depletion: Regional disaggregated modeling and global implications

Numerous recent studies discuss phosphate rock extraction, and some even propose that a peak in production could be reached in coming decades. This would have great consequences as phosphate rock based fertilizers are irreplaceable in modern agriculture. Studies suggesting an impending peak commonly use curve fitting models where mathematical functions are fitted to historical world production data, while studies using other methods reach completely different results. Also, a sudden increase in global reserve estimates is commonly used to dismiss these warnings, and has somewhat altered the debate. The recent multiplication of estimated reserves is mostly based on an increase of the Moroccan reserve estimate, leading to Morocco currently making up most of the global reserves. This study models global phosphate rock production using a disaggregated curve fitting model based on the production in individual major producing countries, providing a somewhat different view than most studies, and show that the global trade of phosphate rock could be completely dependent on Morocco in the future. There are several different factors that can potentially limit global production and these factors should be considered for the individual producing countries. Society's total dependence on phosphate rock should be further investigated despite claims of large resource occurrences.     

Water and Sediment Quality in the Clinch River,Virginia and Tennessee,USA, over Nearly Five Decades

The Clinch River, in eastern United States, supports a diverse freshwater fauna including endangered mussels. Although mussel populations are stable in the Clinch's northeastern Tennessee segment, long‐term declines have been documented upstream in Virginia. We analyzed water and sediment quality data collected by government agencies from the 1960s through 2013 in an effort to inform current management. The river was divided into sections considering data availability and major tributaries. We tested for spatial differences among river sections and for temporal trends, and compared measured values to potentially protective levels if available. Ammonia concentrations approaching and exceeding protective levels were recorded, most often during the 1970s and 1980s in upstream sections. Sediment metals occurred at levels potentially causing biological effects, mainly during the 1980s and 1990s. In the 2000s, water‐column metals have been well below protective levels for general aquatic life. Dissolved solids (DS) increased in most river sections over the study period but mussel‐specific protective levels are not known. Analysis of water pH, total N, and total P did not generate conservation concern. Enhanced monitoring for sediment metals, water‐column metals, and ionic composition of DS; closer alignment of agency water monitoring practices in the two states; and research to determine biological effects of DS at current and anticipated levels can aid future conservation management.     

径流溶解性有机物对生物滞留介质去除Cu2+和Pb2+的影响

分别以惰性介质（土、砂）和强化介质（给水厂污泥、铁锰复合氧化物）为研究对象,考察道路径流溶解性有机物（DOM）存在对生物滞留介质吸附去除Cu²⁺和Pb²⁺过程的影响,并揭示其主要响应组分及作用机制.结果表明,径流DOM、DOM各分子量组分和各化学组分均可抑制惰性生物滞留介质对Cu²⁺和Pb²⁺的吸附去除,促进强化生物滞留介质对两者的吸附去除;其中,径流DOM中<1kDa分子量组分和亲水性组分对惰性介质吸附去除Cu²⁺和Pb²⁺的抑制作用最明显、对强化介质吸附去除Cu²⁺和Pb²⁺的促进作用也最明显,是影响生物滞留介质对Cu²⁺和Pb²⁺吸附过程的关键DOM组分.<1kDa分子量组分存在使砂介质对Cu²⁺和Pb²⁺的吸附量减少了62.96%和83.70%,使铁锰复合氧化物介质对Cu²⁺和Pb²⁺吸附量增加了81.16%和4.67%;亲水性组分存在使土介质对Cu²⁺和Pb²⁺的吸附量最高减少了41.43%和69.12%,使给水厂污泥介质对Cu²⁺和Pb²⁺的吸附量最高增加了32.35%和39.06%.     

新疆奎屯地区高砷地下水DOM三维荧光特征

新疆奎屯地区是中国大陆第一个地方性砷（As）中毒病区,为了解析该地区高As地下水中溶解性有机物（DOM）的组分和来源,探索其在As迁移转化过程中的作用,利用三维荧光光谱结合平行因子分析法对奎屯地区水样进行研究.结果表明：该地区地下水As含量范围在1.30~400.68μg/L,平均值为61.18μg/L,有68.99%的地下水为高As地下水.地下水中DOM含有3种组分：类腐殖质C1（260（325） nm/425nm）,占2.78%;类色氨酸C2（275nm/350nm）,占18.74%;微生物源的还原性醌类C3（260（375） nm/475nm）,占54.12%.研究区水体DOM的荧光指数在1.2~1.52之间,均值为1.36,水中DOM以陆源为主.该地区地下水整体呈现还原-弱碱性环境,地下水中As的释放过程主要有铁氧化物矿物还原和脱硫酸作用,水中的DOM参与了铁、硫酸盐的还原反应过程,类色氨酸C2主要在微生物呼吸过程中充当电子供体角色,还原性醌类C3担任了电子飞行过程中的电子穿梭体,增强了As从含水层沉积物中释放到地下水的迁移性能.     

海拔梯度上川西高山土壤溶解性有机质(DOM)光谱特征

采用三维激发发射矩阵荧光光谱、平行因子分析（EEM-PARAFAC）和荧光区域积分方法（FRI）,研究川西高原3200~4000m高寒土壤DOM特征及其在海拔梯度上变化规律.结果表明,高寒土壤DOC含量为0.47~0.81g/kg,随着海拔梯度的升高而呈增加趋势,表层土中含量多高于亚表层土;土壤中DOM组分均呈5个组分,即芳香蛋白类物质I（酪氨酸类,Peak I）、芳香蛋白类物质II（BOD₅,Peak II）、富里酸类（Peak III）、微生物代谢产物（色氨酸类,Peak IV）和腐殖酸类（大分子腐殖酸,Peak V）;高山土壤DOM中以富里酸类有机质和腐殖酸类有机质组分为主,FRI值均随着海拔的升高而降低..川西高山土壤DOM荧光特征参数（荧光指数FI、自生源指数BIX、腐殖化指数HIX、新鲜度指数β：α）表明,土壤DOM的稳定性随着海拔升高而降低,生物有效性随着海拔升高而升高.因此,气候变暖可能将导致高海拔土壤DOM分解加剧而含量降低,但稳定性升高.     

高效液相色谱法测定雨水中溶解态氨基酸的含量

本研究采用邻苯二甲醛/9-芴甲基氯甲酸酯-高效液相色谱-荧光检测器(OPA/FMOC-HPLC-FLD)联用技术,测定雨水中主要游离态氨基酸(DFAA)和结合态氨基酸(DCAA)的含量。雨水中的DFAA经阳离子交换树脂柱富集纯化后,可直接上机测定;类似地,经浓缩、酸解、再浓缩后,直接上机测定雨水中的DCAA。不同氨基酸的保留时间和峰面积的平均相对标准偏差分别为0.053%(0.014%～0.254%)和1.219%(0.223%～3.846%)。除赖氨酸外,其余氨基酸的检出限和定量限都较低,分别为0.90μmol/L(0.19～1.42μmol/L)和2.95μmol/L(0.39～4.74μmol/L)。样品加标回收率为59.87%～125.72%,均值为89.58%,空白回收率为57.47%～118.74%,均值为90.60%,保证了样品测定的准确性。利用本方法测得贵阳地区雨水中结合态氨基酸的浓度为27.25～493.87 nmol/L(均值为182.44 nmol/L),其中含量最多的是蛋氨酸,占总DCAA的24.61%;游离氨基酸的浓度为3.94～126.45 nmol/L(均值24.59 nmol/L),其中丝氨酸含量最高,占总DFAA的30.25%。本研究确立了最优的雨水溶解态氨基酸的提取和测定条件,并保证了雨水氨基酸在低浓度范围内定量的准确可靠性。