源自腐殖土的溶解性有机质组分对棕壤和黑土吸附苯并三唑的影响

溶解性有机质(DOM)影响着有机污染物在土壤中的吸附行为.将从腐殖土中提取的DOM(DOMbulk)用XAD-8树脂和阴/阳离子交换树脂进行分级,用红外光谱、元素分析、紫外分光光度计和电位滴定的方法对DOM不同组分特征进行分析.用吸附批次实验方法研究了DOM不同组分对棕壤和黑土吸附苯并三唑(BTA)的影响.结果表明,DOMbulk中疏水酸性(HOA)、疏水中性(HON)、亲水酸性(HIA)、亲水碱性(HIB)和亲水中性(HIN)组分比例分别为61%、17%、6%、2%和14%.由于黑土有机碳(OC)含量高于棕壤,黑土对BTA和DOM组分的吸附能力均大于棕壤.相对于黑土,棕壤吸附DOM的标化分配系数Koc较高,其原因是棕壤中含有较多的对吸附DOM起重要作用的黏粒和粉砂.由于水分子占据DOM结合点位,DOM组分与BTA在溶液中结合较弱.DOMbulk中HIN在土壤上吸附最强.HIN的吸附增加了土壤吸附BTA的点位,增加点位的促进吸附作用大于HIN与BTA的竞争吸附作用,最终表现为促进吸附.疏水组分在土壤上的吸附较弱,产生的新吸附点位较少,主要通过竞争吸附作用抑制土壤对BTA的吸附.DOMbulk由78%的疏水组分构成,对土壤吸附BTA的影响与疏水组分相似.     

黄渤海海域秋季营养盐及有色溶解有机物分布特征

本文利用2013年11月黄渤海海域航次采集的海水样品,对该海域有色溶解有机物(CDOM)、营养盐等的组成、来源、分布特征和主要环境影响因子进行了分析研究.通过三维荧光光谱-平行因子分析法(EEMs-PARAFAC)对CDOM进行分析,共鉴别出2类4种荧光组分:类腐殖质组分C1(325/410 nm)、C2(275,370/435 nm)、C3(270,395/495 nm)和类蛋白质组分C4(290/340 nm).3种类腐殖质组分在黄渤海海域各层的平面分布均为由近岸向远岸逐渐递减.黄海表层和渤海中层类蛋白质组分荧光强度在近岸和远岸海域均出现极大值,而其在渤海表底层及黄海中底层的分布呈现由近岸到远岸逐渐降低的趋势.各层CDOM高值区主要分布在近岸海域.渤海表层溶解无机氮(DIN)和溶解有机氮(DON)浓度高于底层浓度,底层溶解无机磷(DIP)浓度高于表层浓度.渤海DIN呈现由近岸到远岸逐渐降低的趋势,DIP由曹妃甸近岸海域及中部海域的高值区向北部、东部和南部海域逐渐降低的趋势,DON则呈现由渤海中部偏南海域的高值区向四周逐渐递减的趋势.黄海底层DIN和DIP浓度高于表层,而表层DON浓度最高.黄海表中层DIN和DIP呈现由近岸到远岸逐渐降低的趋势,底层DIN和DIP则呈现由近岸到远岸逐渐增加的趋势,DON呈现由近岸到远岸逐渐降低的趋势.渤海DIN、DON和DIP的总体浓度均高于黄海.将4种荧光组分(C1~C4)、吸收系数(a_(355))、溶解有机碳(DOC)与叶绿素a(Chl-a)、盐度(S)、溶解氧(DO)、DIN、DON、DIP进行冗余分析,结果表明黄渤海各荧光组分(C1~C4)主要受陆源输入的影响,DOC受陆源与海源的共同影响,但陆源影响较大.渤海DIN受陆源输入的影响较大,而DON受海源影响较大;黄海DIN受陆源和海源共同影响,而DON主要受陆源输入影响.黄渤海DIP均受陆源和海源共同影响.     

DGT分析水中四环素类抗生素自由溶解态浓度

为分析四环素类抗生素的生物有效性，本研究自制了o-DGT装置，测定了结合相的回收率以及不同温度下污染物在扩散相的扩散系数，最终将该装置应用于天然水体中四环素类抗生素自由溶解态浓度的分析.结果表明，所制备的结合相对四环素类抗生素具有较强且稳定的结合能力，其单独存在时对溶液中四环素、土霉素、金霉素的回收率分别为（104.37±4.93）%，（80.29±4.41）%和（81.52±3.93）%；25℃时，3种四环素类抗生素在所制备的扩散相中扩散系数分别是（1.08±0.05）×10^-6，（1.07±0.18）×10^-6，（1.03±0.07）×10^-6cm²/s.抗生素浓度在0.2~10mg/L时，四环素、土霉素、金霉素的C_DGT占总量分别11.69%~30.21%、10.02%~29.25%和7.44%~34.10%.所制备的o-DGT装置性能稳定，可以为测定四环素类抗生素污染物生物有效性和自由溶解态浓度提供有效的参数.     

TEDA城市污水中氯化物,全盐量污染源分析及其总量削减对策

运用总量平衡分析法，通过研究天津经济技术开发区区域污水水量平衡，对污水中氯化物，全盐量总量组成进行定量分析，从而提出了相应的氯化物、全盐量削减措施。     

枯季乌江河流“呼吸”作用及其性质探讨

发源于云贵高原上的乌江是长江流域的重要支流之一。乌江流域喀斯特地貌广泛发育，是中国南方典型的喀斯特河流。以枯水季节乌江流域水体中的实测温度、溶解氧、碱度和pH值等理化参数为依据，探讨了乌江流域河道水体的CO2分压(〖WTBX〗P〖WTBZ〗CO2)与河流“呼吸”通量的变化规律。乌江流域枯水季节河道水体〖WTBX〗P〖WTBZ〗CO2介于2913~1 530 μatm之间，平均值为9493 μatm，约为大气的3倍，各支流样点的平均值为9924 μatm，大于干流平均值9026 μatm，由此推断乌江流域干支流河道在枯季是大气CO2的“源”。受各游段流域特征以及人类活动的影响，干支流河道水体〖WTBX〗P〖WTBZ〗CO2表现出明显的空间差异。水体〖WTBX〗P〖WTBZ〗CO2与溶解氧的相关关系不显著，说明河道内有机质的异养呼吸不是喀斯特乌江流域枯季水体中溶解无机碳的主要来源，其河道水体中高〖WTBX〗P〖WTBZ〗CO2成因复杂。〖WTBX〗P〖WTBZ〗CO2的上述分布规律是流域支流汇入、地下水以及河道水体有机质氧化分解等共同作用的结果。     

Contribution of small-scale mining to employment,development and sustainability – an Indian scenario

Small-scale mining is more prevalent in India. The maximum production capacity of 50,000 tonnes/year has been accepted as a criterion to Indian small-scale mine. Such mines constitute about 90% of total number of mines, 42% of the total non-fuel minerals and metals, 5% of the fuel minerals. Some 3000 small scale mines account for a work force of about 0.5 million people. Yet this sector is a neglected sector in Indian economy and still considered as an unorganized sector. This paper examines the contribution of small-scale mines to employment and national mineral production, practices, and Indian policy on small-scale mining. It identifies the drawbacks in the existing Government policy and discusses the role of Government for up gradation in this sector. It focuses the need for technical up gradation and to ensure the economic and social infrastructure. It also discusses how the pursuit of sustainable livelihoods, poverty alleviation and indigenous peoples right in artisanal and small-scale mining be more effective when these communities are disadvantaged or neglected by Government policies. This paper concludes that this sector can make significant contribution to Indian economy and employment generation. It recommends that by establishing mining centre consist of shared mining and processing facilities, educating and training related initiatives it can be achieved.     

LONG-TERM CHANGES IN STREAMFLOW FOLLOWING LOGGING IN WESTERN OREGON AND ASSOCIATED FISHERIES IMPLICATIONS1

ABSTRACT: The long-term effect of logging on low summer streamflow was investigated with a data set of 36 years. Hydrologic records were analyzed for the period 1953 and 1988 from Watershed (WS) 1 (clear-cut logged and burned), WS 2 (unlogged control), and WS 3 (25 percent patch-cut logged and burned) in the H. J. Andrews Experimental Forest, western Cascade Range, Oregon. These records spanned 9–10 years before logging, and 21–25 years after logging and burning. Streamfiows in August were the lowest of any month, and were unaffected by occasional heavy rain that occurred at the beginning of summer. August streamfiows increased in WS 1 compared to WS 2 by 159 percent following logging in WS 1, but this increase lasted for only eight years following the start of logging in 1962. Water yield in August for 1970–1988 observed from WS 1 was 25 percent less than predicted from the control (WS 2, ANOVA, p=0.032). Water yield in August increased by 59 percent after 25 percent of the area of WS 3 was patch-cut logged and burned in 1963. In contrast to WS 1, however, water yields from WS 3 in August were consistently greater than predicted for 16 years following the start of logging, through to 1978. For the 10 years, 1979–1988, water yield observed in August from WS 3 was not different than predicted from the control (WS 2, ANOVA, p-0.175). The contrasting responses of WS 1 and 3 to logging are thought to be the result of differences in riparian vegetation caused by different geomorphic conditions. A relatively wide valley floor in WS 1 allowed the development of hardwoods in the riparian zone following logging, but the narrow valley of WS 3 and limited sediment deposits prevented establishment of riparian hardwoods. Low streamflows during summer have implications for salmonid survival. Reduced streamflow reduces the amount of rearing habitat, thus increasing competition. Combined with high water temperatures, reduced streamflow can lead directly to salmonid mortality by driving salmonids from riffles and glides, and trapping them in drying pools. Low streamflow also increases oxygen depletion caused by leaves from riparian red alders.     

溶解性有机质强化棉花修复镉污染土壤

为探究溶解性有机质(DOM)对棉花修复镉(Cd)污染土壤的影响,通过盆栽试验研究棉花秸秆溶解性有机质(CM)和农家肥溶解性有机质(FM)在3种外源Cd(mg·kg-1)添加含量为0(C0)、5(C5)和10(C10)下对土壤有效态Cd含量、棉花生物量、光合作用参数和Cd积累的影响.结果表明,CM和FM施入能提高土壤有效...     

原料和热解温度对生物炭中可溶性有机质的影响

以水稻秸秆和杉木凋落物为原料,选择不同热解温度（350、500和650℃）制备生物炭,研究原料与热解温度对生物炭中可溶性有机质（dissolved organic matter,DOM）含量和光谱特征的影响.结果表明,随着热解温度的升高,两类生物炭pH值分别从8.10和6.56上升至10.53和8.23;热解温度对生物炭全碳（TC）含量的影响并不明显,但原料及其与温度交互作用的影响显著（P<0.05）.两类生物炭中可溶性有机碳（dissolved organic carbon,DOC）含量呈先降低后升高的趋势,相同热解温度下水稻生物炭的显著高于杉木生物炭的（P<0.05）.原料对DOM芳香化指数（SUVA₂₅₄值）无显著影响,但温度及其与原料交互作用的影响显著（P<0.05）,在500℃时该值最大,芳香化程度最高.三维荧光光谱表明,DOM组分以类富里酸和类腐殖酸为主,但这两种物质对热解温度的响应不同.傅里叶红外光谱分析发现,两类生物炭DOM在5个区域的相似位置存在吸收峰,其中,脂肪族C-H的伸缩振动随着热解温度的升高逐渐减弱.因此,高温（500℃和650℃）与低温（350℃）制备的生物炭相比,DOC含量降低,但其芳香化和腐殖化程度升高,稳定性增强.     

ANAMMOX培养物中硫酸盐型氨氧化生物转化机制

厌氧条件下,ANAMMOX培养物中发生的硫酸盐型氨氧化（SRAO）现象被认为是由ANAMMOX细菌（AnAOB）介导的自养生物转化过程.在这个过程中,作为电子供体的氨被电子受体硫酸盐氧化.在某一些自然环境中观察到的氨与硫酸盐转化现象也被认为是由于上述生物转化作用而导致的.然而,在不同研究中,关于氨与硫酸盐的转化摩尔比（N/S）、硫酸盐还原的中间产物和最终产物的认定均有存在较大差异.因此,氨和硫酸盐在ANAMMOX培养物中的转化机制仍不明确.为探明ANAMMOX污泥中SRAO现象背后的基质转化途径,在不同厌氧状态（微氧：-100 mV < ORP < 0 mV,0.5 mg·L^-1 < DO < 1 mg·L^-1;缺氧：-300 mV < ORP < -100 mV,0.2 mg·L^-1 < DO < 0.5 mg·L^-1;厌氧：ORP < -300 mV,DO < 0.2 mg·L^-1）以及不同污泥组成（ANAMMOX污泥和混合污泥）的条件下开展连续流实验和批次实验.结果表明,SRAO现象只能在缺氧条件且存在异养硫酸盐还原细菌（SRB）的混合污泥中发生;在ANAMMOX污泥中无论处于哪种厌氧状态,均不会发生SRAO现象.微生物群落变化与功能基因表达分析表明,ANAMMOX污泥和混合污泥中均存在以Nitrosomonas和Nitrosospira为主的携带amoA基因的氨氧化细菌（AOB）,可将氨氧化生成亚硝酸盐,为AnAOB代谢提供底物.Desulfomicrobium、Desulfovibrio以及Desulfonatronum等携带apsA基因的SRB只存在于混合污泥中,它们利用微生物衰亡释放的有机物将硫酸盐还原.AnAOB并不能以硫酸盐为电子受体氧化氨维持代谢.因此,在ANAMMOX污泥中观察到的SRAO现象（即氨与硫酸盐的同步转化）实际上是氨氧化、ANAMMOX和异养硫酸盐还原这3个过程联合的结果,上述生物转化过程分别由AOB、AnAOB和SRB完成.