Trihalomethanes formation in water treatment plants and distribution lines: a monitoring and modeling scheme

Monitoring and modeling of the concentrations of trihalomethanes (THMs) within four water treatment plants (WTPs) and distribution lines in Fayoum City, Egypt, were studied. Sampling sites for raw and treated waters were determined by global positioning system and the Arc geographic information system software was used for mapping. THMs were monitored using 25 sampling points located at the plant exit and through the distribution lines up to the plant extremity. Results indicated that the THMs concentration varied significantly but it was very rarely higher than the allowed maximum contaminant level of 100 μg L^?1. However, at the dead zones in the distribution lines, the THMs increased by about 160% compared to in-plant level. Furthermore, the level of THMs in hot months was about 1.3 times higher than in cold ones. The influence of some independent variables such as temperature, pH, ammonia concentration, total organic carbon and color were investigated by Pearson model to find their correlation with the rate of THMs formation in WTPs. The resulted R values ranged from 0.81 to 0.98. Successful application of the model to a selected region on the distribution lines has resulted in a correlation coefficient of 0.98.     

夏、秋季北黄海营养盐的时空分布特征及其影响机制

基于2011年7月(夏季)和2011年10月(秋季)北黄海海域2个航次的调查资料,对北黄海夏、秋季营养盐的时空分布特征及其影响机制进行了探讨.结果表明,夏、秋季北黄海营养盐的平均浓度分别为:NO3- (1.57±1.71), (5.93±3.84) μmol/L,NO2- (0.22±0.18), (0.88±0.93) μmol/L,PO43- (0.22±0.13), (0.40±0.23) μmol/L,Si(OH)4 (4.98±2.23), (6.71±3.24) μmol/L,NH4+ (1.35±0.90), (1.23±0.69) μmol/L,夏、秋季北黄海NO3-分别占溶解无机氮的49%和74%.2个季节近岸海域表层营养盐浓度均高于中部海域,底层浓度高于表层,高值区是冷水团区.各断面营养盐的垂直分布层化现象明显,受冷水团以及水体交换混合的共同影响,浓度由表至底逐渐升高.夏、秋季表底层N/P、Si/N和Si/P比值的水平分布为近岸海域高于中部海域,且夏季北黄海浮游植物的生长繁殖受磷限制.     

Testicular DNA synthesis inhibition—an in vivo system for the detection of mutagenic and carcinogenic chemicals

By binding covalently to DNA chemical mutagens and carcinogens inhibit replication, which can be measured as a decrease in thymidine incorporation into DNA. This DNA synthesis inhibition (DSI) has been determined in testicular cells of mice for a large number of compounds and has been found to correlate very well with their known mutagenic and carcinogenic properties.

Not only could this test give a qualitative answer about potential carcinogenicity or mutagenicity, but, with regard to its in vivo characteristics, could furthermore give an indication of the carcinogenic and mutagenic potency and thus be of use in the risk evaluation of chemical substances; the relationship between the DNA synthesis inhibition and the underlying alkylation of guanine ‐0⁶ by different methylating agents is demonstrated.

As toxic effects decrease thymidine incorporation, too, means are discussed for distinguishing between “true”;, mutagenic, and “false”;, cytotoxic, DNA synthesis inhibition.

In conclusion, the implications of including the DSI‐test in a battery of mutagenicity tests are outlined.     

Biochemical properties of beryllium potentially relevant to its carcinogenicity†

The carcinogenicity of beryllium to several animal species is well established and evidence exists which strongly suggests that this is the case in human exposure. In this review several biochemical properties of the metallocarcinogen are considered including, the causation of cell transformation, and infidelity of DNA synthesis, inhibition of cell division and enzyme induction, and interference with regulatory mechanisms controlling gene expression. These effects are discussed in relation to beryllium chemistry, cellular accumulation mechanisms and distribution to subcellular organdies and molecular targets. It is suggested that the ultimate location and interactions of the metal ion in cell nuclei and its selective inhibition of certain protein phosphorylation reactions in particular are the biochemical effects potentially most relevant to induction of beryllium carcinogenesis.     

Uptake of seven metals by two macrophytes species: potential for phytoaccumulation and phytoremediation

Aquatic macrophytes can be used in the studies of quality of water ecosystems and in monitoring of metals and other pollutants. The aim of this study was to assess concentration levels, accumulation and distribution of seven metals in selected plant parts of Typha angustifolia L. and Iris pseudacorus L., in comparison with sediment and water samples of a reservoir. Metal content in the samples was determined by optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES iCAP 6500). The concentrations of all examined metals were higher in the sediment than in the water samples. In plants, metal concentrations depended on plant species and organs. The roots/rhizomes were primary organs for metal concentration and accumulation. T. angustifolia L. accumulated Mn and Cu, and I. pseudacorus L. accumulated Cd and Cu in the fruits. T. angustifolia L. hyperaccumulated As. The values of enrichment coefficients and translocation factors were: 0 to 3.31 and 0 to 2.39, respectively. The plant species investigated absorb, translocate and accumulate metals in their organs differently, which provides advantages in combining them for remediation of wasted aquatic ecosystems.     

城市环境铂族金属分布特性及生态健康风险研究进展

随着铂族金属铂（Pt）、钯（Pd）、铑（Rh）被广泛应用于汽车尾气催化净化器中,这三种金属在自然界中的含量逐渐升高。越来越多的研究表明,这几种曾被认为对环境影响较小的金属的确会带来潜在的生态健康风险。本文概括了国内外城市各种环境介质的含量分布,重点分析了铂族金属的源解析方法、粒径分布特性、影响其排放的因素和其潜在的生态健康风险。就全世界的城市来看,灰尘、空气、土壤、沉积物等各种环境介质中铂族金属的含量均有显著提高,主要来源于汽车三元催化净化器。这三种金属倾向于富集在细颗粒中,行车模式是影响其排放量的重要因素,自然界的共存物质可增强它们的溶解性和迁移性,从而使它们的生物可利用性大大提高。生物体吸收这类金属后,可与体内的物质发生反应,形态发生变化,毒性增强。在以后的研究中,除了持续跟踪调查这三种金属在环境中的含量水平以外,还应加强研究这三种金属在环境中的颗粒分布、迁移转化、形态变换、生物可利用性以及生物毒性等,使我们能够更好地评估其生态健康风险,并为与之相关的应用研发、防范措施、政策制订提供引导和支持。     

大气环境影响评价现状空气质量监测布点技术方法

基于HJ2.2—2008《环境影响评价技术导则-大气环境》的规定,结合某石化焦化扩建案例实践,对大气环境影响评价现状空气质量监测方案的制定、监测布点原则与技术要点进行了深入系统地研究,进一步探讨了在环评中执行的具体问题及解决方案。     

园林绿化树种香樟叶片的含硫量动态分析

植物对一定浓度范围内的大气污染物,具有一定程度的抵抗及吸收净化作用。为了解南京市主要园林绿化树种香樟（Cinnamomum camphora）叶片吸收净化SO2的能力,选择在5个不同污染靶区,以3个不同胸径级的香樟叶片为研究对象,采用硫酸钡比浊法测定了不同季节香樟叶片的含硫量。结果表明：香樟叶片对SO2具有一定的吸收净化能力,其叶片含硫量平均为0.2160%,且其含量随分布区、生长季节及个体胸径不同差异显著;并与异域大气中SO2污染指数成一定的正相关;与个体胸径大小成显著负相关;季节间呈现出＂先降后升再降＂的动态趋势,于春秋季较高,而夏冬季较低。     

洛阳市不同功能区地表灰尘重金属的粒径分布特征

以洛阳市为例,分析了工业区、商业区、居民区、城乡结合处、城市绿地和城市主干道等不同功能区地表灰尘颗粒组成及重金属（Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd）粒级效应。结果表明：洛阳市不同功能区地表灰尘粒径分布具多峰性,分别在850~250、150~96及〈75μm出现分布峰值。不同功能区地表灰尘粒径差异显著,居民区和城市绿地细颗粒比重较大,工业区和城市主干道粗颗粒相对较多。各金属元素的质量分数粒级效应不一,Pb在工业区各粒级中质量分数最高,具粒级效应,其它功能区粒级效应不明显,Cd、Cu粒级效应明显,Cd富集更趋向于细粒（96~75和〈75μm）,Cu在180~150μm粒径质量分数迅速升高,并随着粒径减小,基本呈上升趋势,除工业区和城乡结合部外,其它功能区均在〈75μm粒径达到峰值。除居民区和城乡结合部各粒径Zn分布较平均外,Zn主要富集于180~150μm粒径颗粒,且质量分数明显高于其它各粒级,粒级效应基本呈现正态分布。     

气温变化对西南山区流域森林水文效应影响的模拟

为了揭示气温变化对西南山区流域森林水文效应的影响,用生物物理/动态植被模型SSiB4/TRIFFID与流域地形指数水文模型TOPMODEL的耦合模型SSiB4T/TRIFFID模拟了西南山区长江上游梭磨河流域森林水文效应对气温变化的响应,分析了气温变化对植被不同演替阶段的流域总径流和总蒸发以及冠层截流蒸发、植被蒸腾和土壤蒸发的影响。结果表明,（1）梭磨河流域森林（常绿针叶林）蒸腾与草和灌木差异小,森林蒸腾潜热比草和灌木仅高1~4 W.m-2,森林冠层截留蒸发高于草和灌木,但土壤蒸发明显低于草和灌木覆盖,森林覆盖流域总蒸发低于草和灌木覆盖甚至低于裸土蒸发,因此增加了流域总径流量,但森林增加径流的作用随土壤蒸发的减小而减小。（2）气温减小1℃将通过减小森林冠层截留蒸发和蒸腾而使森林增加流域总径流量的作用增加;相反,气温增加将增加森林冠层截留蒸发和蒸腾而使森林增加总径流量的作用减小。（3）当温度增加4℃,由于森林总蒸发较草和灌木明显增加,对于较高的土壤蒸发,森林增加总径流量的作用已不明显;对于较低的土壤蒸发,森林减小了流域总径流量。