Mapping the Spatial Variability of Plant Diversity in a Tropical Forest: Comparison of Spatial Interpolation Methods

Knowledge of the spatial distribution of plant species is essential to conservation and forest managers in order to identify high priority areas such as vulnerable species and habitats, and designate areas for reserves, refuges and other protected areas. A reliable map of the diversity of plant species over the landscape is an invaluable tool for such purposes. In this study, the number of species, the exponent Shannon and the reciprocal Simpson indices, calculated from 141 quadrat sites sampled in a tropical forest were used to compare the performance of several spatial interpolation techniques used to prepare a map of plant diversity, starting from sample (point) data over the landscape. Means of mapped classes, inverse distance functions, kriging and co-kriging, both, applied over the entire studied landscape and also applied within vegetation classes, were the procedures compared. Significant differences in plant diversity indices between classes demonstrated the usefulness of boundaries between vegetation types, mapped through satellite image classification, in stratifying the variability of plant diversity over the landscape. These mapped classes, improved the accuracy of the interpolation methods when they were used as prior information for stratification of the area. Spatial interpolation by co-kriging performed among the poorest interpolators due to the poor correlation between the plant diversity variables and vegetation indices computed by remote sensing and used as covariables. This indicated that the latter are not suitable covariates of plant diversity indices. Finally, a within-class kriging interpolator yielded the most accurate estimates of plant diversity values. This interpolator not only provided the most accurate estimates by accounting for the indices' intra-class variability, but also provided additional useful interpretations of the structure of spatial variability of diversity values through the interpretation of their semi-variograms. This additional role was found very useful in aiding decisions in conservation planning.     

The Influence of Linear Elements on Plant Species Diversity of Mediterranean Rural Landscapes: Assessment of Different Indices and Statistical Approaches

This paper mainly aims to study the linear element influence on the estimation of vascular plant species diversity in five Mediterranean landscapes modeled as land cover patch mosaics. These landscapes have several core habitats and a different set of linear elements -habitat edges or ecotones, roads or railways, rivers, streams and hedgerows on farm land- whose plant composition were examined. Secondly, it aims to check plant diversity estimation in Mediterranean landscapes using parametric and non-parametric procedures, with two indices: Species richness and Shannon index.Land cover types and landscape linear elements were identified from aerial photographs. Their spatial information was processed using GIS techniques. Field plots were selected using a stratified sampling design according to relieve and tree density of each habitat type. A 50×20 m² multi-scale sampling plot was designed for the core habitats and across the main landscape linear elements. Richness and diversity of plant species were estimated by comparing the observed field data to ICE (Incidence-based Coverage Estimator) and ACE (Abundance-based Coverage Estimator) non-parametric estimators.The species density, percentage of unique species, and alpha diversity per plot were significantly higher (p < 0.05) in linear elements than in core habitats. ICE estimate of number of species was 32% higher than of ACE estimate, which did not differ significantly from the observed values. Accumulated species richness in core habitats together with linear elements, were significantly higher than those recorded only in the core habitats in all the landscapes. Conversely, Shannon diversity index did not show significant differences.     

都昌县多宝砂山物种多样性研究及保护初探

对鄱阳湖都昌县多宝砂山地区土地风沙化过程中物种多样性的变化特征进行了分析,依据植物种在各类型风沙化土地的出现频率与不同风沙化阶段各生活型植物种的组成,探讨了风沙化过程中植物种的绝灭与定居特点.物种多样性指数分析表明:风沙化过程是物种多样性衰减的过程,风沙化首先导致特有种的绝灭,其次为稀有种.从植物的生活型来看,多年生草本与乔木类植物受风沙化影响最大,而灌木类植物可存活于风沙化过程的各个阶段,在风沙化过程中植物种的绝灭速率大于定居速率.最后,针对造成多宝砂山生物多样性衰减的原因,提出了治理对策,即在控制人类行为干扰的同时,要加强对固定沙丘的管理与保护.      

贵州喀斯特山区不同种植年限花椒根际土壤细菌群落结构特征研究

以贵州花江峡谷花椒(Zanthoxylum bungeamun)林为研究对象,采用16S rRNA高通量测序技术,分析种植5、10、20、30 a花椒根际土壤细菌群落结构和多样性特征,探讨不同种植年限花椒土壤理化因子对根际细菌群落分布的影响,为喀斯特石漠化地区花椒农业可持续发展提供有效的理论依据.结果表明,随着花椒种植...     

秸秆发酵乳酸菌复合系SFC-2的构建及其组成多样性研究

为了获得促进作物干秸秆乳酸发酵的微生物,以玉米秸秆和水稻秸秆的自然发酵物为菌种来源,用MRS蔗糖培养基,通过连续定向继代培养,筛选出pH下降迅速、乳酸含量高、组成稳定的乳酸菌复合系SFC-2.DGGE分析表明,SFC-2经过连续继代培养,从第25代开始其微生物组成基本稳定.SFC-2 培养12 h后pH下降至3.8,乳酸含量达10.64 mg/mL,其中64%为L-(+) 乳酸.通过平板分离获得4株细菌,全部为Lactobacillus,其近缘种分别为L. fermentum、L. plantarum、L. paracasei和L. paracasei sub sp.;通过16S rDNA克隆文库分析获得7个克隆,其近缘种主要为L. fermentum、L. plantarum及L.paracasei;在16S rDNA的克隆文库中,76.3%为L. fermentum的近缘种,20.3%为L. plantarum的近缘种,3.4%为L. paracasei的近缘种.     

应用变性梯度凝胶电泳研究厦门西海域超微型真核浮游生物多样性

应用变性梯度凝胶电泳(DGGE)方法对厦门西海域超微型真核浮游生物的遗传多样性进行周年变化特征研究分析.结果表明,厦门西海域典型测站的超微型真核浮游生物群落具有丰富的多样性组成;厦门西海域超微型真核浮游生物群落遗传结构和主要类群组成季节性变化显著:不同典型测站之间的超微型真核浮游生物群落遗传结构的周年变化特征相似;不同典型测站之间的超微型真核浮游生物群落的类群组成也很相似,由绿藻、Stramenopiles、定鞭金藻、甲藻、未确定类群(unidentified groups)和其他类群组成.     

Antioxidant responses to benzo[a]pyrene, tributyltin and their mixture in the spleen of Sebasticus marmoratus

It has been reported that there is an interaction between Benzo[a]pyrene （BaP）, a widespread carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon, and tributyltin （TBT）, an organometal used as an antifouling biocide. This study was therefore designed to examine the potential in vivo influence of BaP, TBT and their mixture on splenic antioxidant defense systems of Sebastiscus marmoratus. The fish were exposed to water containing environmentally relevant concentrations of BaP, TBT and their mixture. Spleens were collected for biochemical analysis after exposure for 7, 25, 50 d and after recovery for 7, 20 d. Cotreatment with BaP and TBT for 7 d potentiated the induction of glutathione peroxidase （GPx） activity by BaP or TBT alone. The cotreatment for 25 and 50 d resulted in inhibition of GPx activity, which was similar to the effect of TBT. Splenic glutathione S-transferase （GST） activities were significantly elevated in S. marmoratus exposed to BaP starting from 7 d and remained high up to 25 d. However, no further activity change was found with prolonged exposure. Cotreatment of BaP and TBT primarily inhibited the GST activity, which was similar to the effect of TBT. Cotreatment with BaP and TBT for 25 or 50 d potentiated the depletion of GSH （glutathione） by BaP or TBT alone. MDA （malondialdehyde） contents in spleen of S. marmoratus were not significantly altered compared with the control during the test period. Spleen, as an immune organ, is sensitive to exposure of BaP or TBT. It should have an effective mechanism to counteract oxidative damage. Antioxidative defense systems in spleen of S. marmoratus should be considered as potential biomarkers. Short-term exposure of BaP or TBT could result in induction of antioxidant defense system. A significant decrease of these indices, such as GSH, GST, GPx might indicate more severe contamination.     

长江上游向家坝库区鸟类多样性研究及生境价值评估

2011年利用样线法对长江上游向家坝库区夏、秋季鸟类进行了实地考察,共记录110种鸟类,隶属15目39科。通过5个调查点、2个对照点不同生境鸟类的多样性研究发现：（1）夏、秋季库区不同生境鸟类的Shannon Wiener 指数较低,几乎均未超过1.5,鸟类物种多样性相对贫乏;（2）库区各生境鸟类Pielou指数均超过了0.75,说明库区环境虽以人工植被为主,但并不单调;（3）阶地疏林灌丛、竹林与常绿落叶阔叶混交林的鸟类相似性差异最小〖JP2〗,而二者与芦苇、荩草丛滩地的差异最大,库区鸟类在不同生境中的分布存在着显著不同。在上述研究的基础上,从物种多样性和河流景观保护的角度,对库区鸟类的不同生境类型进行多要素综合分析,结果显示: 山地森林生境的物种多样性相对丰富,生态价值最高,而河滩和阶地疏林灌丛、竹林生境具备一定的景观特色,也有相当的生态价值     

赣江一级支流浮游植物群落动态特征分析——以袁河为例

2009年6、11月和2010年4月共3个水情期（即丰、枯和平水期）对赣江下游一级支流袁河的浮游植物群落结构特征开展河流生态学调查分析。调查共发现浮游植物109种,隶属于6门61属。其中绿藻门物种种类数最多,共27属54种,其次为硅藻门,共15属30种,第三是蓝藻门11属12种。此外,裸藻门3属6种,甲藻门3属4种,隐藻门2属3种。调查样点的浮游植物丰度均处于1.12×105～129.20×105 ind./L,丰水期和枯水期浮游植物以蓝藻为优势类群,平水期则硅藻占绝对优势。丰水期浮游植物优势属为脆杆藻属和席藻属,枯水期为栅藻属,针杆属,蓝隐藻属和小环藻属,到了平水期小环藻属占绝对优势。3个水情期中优势种钝脆杆藻和小席藻（丰水期）;尖尾蓝隐藻和双头针杆藻（枯水期）;梅尼小环藻（平水期）等均为污水指示种。通过生物多样性指数分析发现藻类Shannon-Wiener指数、Simpson指数、Pielou均匀度指数和Margalef丰富度指数的变化范围分别为：1.14～2.92、0.45～0.93、0.36～0.92和0.42～2.78。通过指示生物群落法和生物多样性指数法对袁河进行水质评价发现两种评价结果基本一致,袁河处于α-β-中污染状态,不同采样点间污染程度差异性较大。     

浮桥河水库浮游植物的多样性及其演变

1997年4月至1998年1月对浮桥河水库浮游植物状况进行了调查,结果表明:该水库常见浮游植物约189种,隶属于8门92属,其中硅藻门25属64种,绿藻门39属79种,蓝藻门17属30种,甲藻门、隐藻门、裸藻门、黄藻门及金藻门种类较少。其个体密度年平均为44.9×104ind/L;生物量年平均为6.439mg/L,其中蓝藻占33.37%,硅藻和绿藻分别占20.68%和20.16%,甲藻占16.31%。浮游植物现存量的季节变化表现为从春季开始平稳上升,至秋季达到最大值。蓝藻、硅藻、绿藻等主要种类的季节变化按生物量大小依次为:秋季夏季春季冬季。浮游植物现存量的水平分布为上游最高,中游次之,下游最低,库汊低于中游而略高于下游。群落的相似性表现为上、中游相近,下游和库汊相近。群落的物种多样性根据计算Shannon-Weiner指数为上游最大,其次为中游,下游再次,库汊最低。与1980年的调查结果相比较,浮桥河水库浮游植物种类小型化明显,生物量增加2.5倍。