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21.
2013年3月、6月、9月及12月采集了洞庭湖11个断面的浮游藻类,并对所采集的藻类进行了功能群划分,结果显示,洞庭湖的浮游藻类可以分为24个功能群:A、B、C、D、E、F、G、H1、J、LO、LM、M、MP、N、P、S1、SN、T、W1、W2、X1、X2、X3、Y,所反映的生境特征主要表现为对分层敏感、频繁扰动且混合程度较高的浑浊型中-富营养型水体.不同时期调查的藻类优势功能群存在明显差异,其中,B(中营养水体、对分层敏感)、D(较浑浊的浅水水体)、J(混合型高富营养浅水水体)、MP(扰动频繁的浑浊型浅水水体)、P(混合程度较高中富营养浅水水体)、Y(广适性)在四次调查中的优势度均>0.02,成为洞庭湖的绝对优势功能群,洞庭湖藻类优势功能群不同时期的演替规律为:3月MP+P+D+B经6月MP+J+P+D+B与9月MP+J+P+D+B+LO+Y转变成12月MP+J+D+Y.CCA分析结果显示,洞庭湖藻类功能群分布受水环境因子影响较为明显.整体上,T、pH值、DO、CODCr、NH3-N及TP是影响洞庭湖藻类功能群分布格局的主要因素. 相似文献
22.
Studies show that Whites tend to show the lowest level of support for affirmative action (AA) policies. Opponents of AA often argue that this is because it violates principles of meritocracy. However, self‐interest (based on social identification with those adversely affected) could also explain their opposition. In three studies, we varied whether an Asian or White male is adversely affected by AA to test another explanation; namely, that Whites' fairness judgments are based on both the adversely affected person's race and the fairness evaluator's ideological beliefs. Although we found some support for the meritocratic explanation, this was not sufficient to explain why Whites view AA as (un)fair. Instead, we found strong support for our prediction that Whites who are opposed to equality perceive more unfairness when a White (vs. Asian) was harmed by AA, whereas Whites who endorse egalitarian ideologies perceive the opposite. This finding suggests that neither self‐interest nor meritocratic explanations can fully account for Whites' opposition to AA. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
23.
Roman M. Wittig Catherine Crockford Robert M. Seyfarth Dorothy L. Cheney 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》2007,61(6):899-909
Theory predicts that females in species with matrilineal dominance hierarchies should use nepotistic support systems to maintain
their family’s rank. Female Old World monkeys, however, form alliances against other females at surprisingly low rates. Nonetheless,
in many species, females utter threat vocalizations when observing others’ disputes, suggesting that these vocalizations may
function as ‘vocal alliances’. We describe a playback experiment testing the efficacy of vocal alliances in free-ranging female
baboons. Subjects were played the same female’s threat-grunts under three separate conditions: after being threatened by the
signaller’s close relative to mimic kin support, after being threatened by a female maternally unrelated to the signaller
to mimic non-kin support, and after a friendly interaction with the signaller’s close relative as a control. Subjects responded
more strongly to the playback and avoided the signaller and her matrilineal relatives for a longer period of time in kin support
trials than in either non-kin support or no aggression trials. In contrast, there was no difference in subjects’ behaviour
between non-kin support and no aggression trials. These results corroborate observational data showing that vocal support
occurs at a higher rate than physical support in female baboons, and that kin are more likely to provide vocal support than
non-kin. We conclude that vocal support plays a similar role as physical support in the alliances of female baboons. 相似文献
24.
Peter Korsten Oscar Vedder István Szentirmai Jan Komdeur 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》2007,61(12):1933-1943
Structurally based ultraviolet (UV)-reflective plumage parts can be important cues in mate choice. However, it remains largely
unknown if UV plumage variation can also function as a signal of social status during competitive interactions. In blue tits
(Cyanistes caeruleus), the UV-reflective crown plumage functions as a female mate choice cue that probably indicates male quality, as males with
higher UV reflectance have been shown to have better chances of over-winter survival. Possibly, the UV crown plumage acts
as a status signal in the competition over scarce food sources during winter. To test this idea, we related dominance of individuals
at an artificial food source during adverse winter conditions to spectrophotometric measurements of their crown plumage. However,
while controlling for the confounding effects of sex, age, and distance from territory, we found no significant effect of
crown UV reflectance on dominance. Consistent with this result, we also found no relation between crown UV reflectance and
over-winter survival. We conclude that the structurally based UV reflectance of the blue tit crown feathers plays little role
in competition between individuals during winter despite its importance as a cue in mate choice. 相似文献
25.
This study examined the relationship between exteriors of police department facilities and participants’ ratings of the buildings’ authority, professionalism, and approachability. After a pilot study, research was conducted with 122 participants who were undergraduate students from a small, liberal arts college in the Northeast. On each of three characteristics (authority, professionalism, and approachability), participants rated 16 color images of police departments located in the United States. The façade ratings for each characteristic were then categorized into factors through factor analyses. There were three factors for authority (Ineffectual, Strong, and Outdated); three for professionalism (Unskilled, Non-traditional, and Governmental); and four for approachability (Uninviting, Accessible, Public, and Impenetrable). The results were compared to participants’ scores on the Right-Wing Authoritarianism Scale (Altemeyer, 1981) and the Social Dominance Orientation scale (Sidanius & Pratto, 1999). Although the primary goal for the study was to determine whether there are consistent responses to police department exteriors, it was hypothesized that the façade ratings would relate to the authoritarianism ratings, with more authoritarian people expected to rate the façades higher in authority. Although this hypothesis was not supported, significant findings were related to gender. Applications to architectural design are discussed. 相似文献
26.
采用浮游藻类功能群、RDA(冗余分析)、多元回归分析等方法,对阳澄西湖浮游藻类功能群的演替特征及其影响因子进行了研究.2015年3月~2016年2月逐月对阳澄西湖浮游藻类和环境因子进行调查分析,结果表明,阳澄西湖浮游藻类可划分为21个功能群,其中10个功能群(B、D、E、G、J、Lo、S1、X1、X2、Y)为该湖的优势功能群,反映的生境特征表明该湖为分层敏感,扰动较少且混合程度较高的中-富营养浅水水体.阳澄西湖不同季节优势功能群演替规律为:由春季的B+X2+Y+X1+J+D,经夏季的B+X2+Y+X1+J+G+S1+Lo+E和秋季的B+X2+Y+Lo+E,转变为B+X2+Y+X1+D.RDA分析结果显示,阳澄西湖浮游藻类功能群分布受环境影响较为明显,但不同季节影响因子不同.整体上,水温(T)、pH值、溶解氧(DO)、氨氮(NH4+-N)和浊度(Tur)是影响阳澄西湖浮游藻类功能群分布格局的主要因素. 相似文献
27.
Shannon Currie 《环境政策》2018,27(2):247-266
Combating climate change and protecting the environment is a significant topic amongst political leaders and concerned citizens across the globe. The degree to which individuals perceive green issues as important is connected to their politics, those subscribing to conservative ideologies being less supportive of pro-environmental initiatives and less concerned about climate change than those endsorsing liberal ideologies. Examining political ideology as a uni- and bi-dimensional construct, the present research investigated whether political liberals (vs. conservatives), those higher (vs. lower) in right-wing authoritarianism, and those higher (vs. lower) in social dominance orientation differ in their perceptions of the morality of green behaviours. In Studies 1 (n = 200) and 2 (n = 150), liberal (vs. conservative) ideologies related to perceiving pro-environmental behaviours as more moral. Further, in Study 2, the relation between ideology and perceptions of green behaviours as moral was explained by positive feelings associated with the self engaging in green behaviours. 相似文献
28.
Gregory E. Blomquist 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》2009,63(9):1345-1352
Females of many cercopithecine primates live in stable dominance hierarchies that create long-term asymmetries among sets
of female relatives (matrilines) in access to limiting resources and shelter from psychosocial stress. Rank-related differences
in fitness components are widely documented, but their causes are unclear. Predicted breeding values from an animal model
for female age of first reproduction are used to discriminate between shared additive genetic and shared environmental effects
among the members of matrilines in a population of free-ranging rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta). While age of first reproduction has a modest heritability (≈0.2), breeding values are distributed in a largely random fashion
among matrilines and contribute little to the observed rank-related differences in average age of first reproduction. These
results support the long-held, but previously unverified, contention that rank-related life history differences in female
cercopithecine primates are the result of environmental rather than genetic differences among them. 相似文献
29.
N. A. Gazaliev 《Russian Journal of Ecology》2000,31(1):32-35
The abundance, structure, and distribution of oribatid communities in high-mountain pine forest biotopes of the Eastern Caucasus
are described in dependence on elevation above sea level. The oribatid fauna of high-mountain pine forests proved to be characterized
by high abundance, an assortment of dominants, and species richness. It was shown that, as the elevation increases, specific
dominants typical of particular altitudinal zones appear in communities, and changes in the mass species occur. These species
are stable in terms of their long-term dynamics, and zonal groups (communities) demonstrate a high species diversity. 相似文献
30.