高炉煤气干法除尘技术的发展

我国是采用高炉煤气干法袋式除尘最早的国家之一,至今已有40多年的历史。本文介绍了高炉煤气干法除尘技术发展的三个阶段,即起步、发展,以及炉容1000m3以上级的提高阶段,认为采用干法除尘,才能节能减排,实现综合利用。     

生物炭施用对紫色土旱坡地土壤氮流失形态及通量的影响

明确生物炭施用对紫色土旱坡地土壤氮流失形态及通量的影响,为提升紫色土旱坡地耕地质量及减少紫色土旱坡地农业面源污染发生风险提供科学依据.以油菜/玉米轮作农田生态系统为研究对象,通过田间试验,研究了不施肥(对照)、常规施肥、优化施肥及生物炭(化肥减量配施生物炭)这4个处理对紫色土旱坡地地表径流和壤中流氮素流失形态及通量的影响.结果表明:①在各施肥处理中,常规处理总径流量最大,为16 133 L·a~(-1),生物炭处理总径流量最小,为11 893 L·a~(-1).各施肥处理以壤中流为主要径流方式,壤中流流失量占总流失量的61.80%～68.60%;与对照(不施肥处理)相比,其余各施肥处理泥沙流失量均有所降低,其中常规处理降低的效果最明显.②铵态氮主要通过地表径流流失,占总流失通量的86.51%～96.58%;铵态氮流失通量最大的为施生物炭处理[0.69 kg·(hm~2·a)~(-1)].③各施肥处理产流中的颗粒态氮浓度均高于对照处理,且常规施肥处理的颗粒态氮流失通量最大,为2.87 kg·(hm~2·a)~(-1).④各施肥处理的壤中流和地表径流中的全氮浓度和硝态氮浓度均存在极显著正相关关系(P0.01).硝态氮是全氮流失的主要形态,且二者均以壤中流为主要流失途径;全氮通过壤中流流失占比为72.86%～89.13%,且常规施肥处理的全氮总流失通量最大,为35.58 kg·(hm~2·a)~(-1),而施生物炭处理全氮总流失通量最小,为21.49 kg·(hm~2·a)~(-1).化肥减量配施生物炭能明显降低径流量和氮的流失通量,可有效阻控农业面源污染发生的风险.     

沟塘水质及其周边浅层地下水PAHs的风险评价

为探讨农村居民区沟塘水质对周边浅层地下水的影响,在河南省某县选择典型沟塘,分别在枯水期和丰水期采集沟塘水和周边浅层地下水样品,采用高效液相色谱检测16种多环芳烃（PAHs）的含量,分别描述并比较枯丰水期PAHs的污染特征及其生态与健康风险.结果表明,枯水期沟塘水中BaP含量、∑PAHs、TEQ（BaP）含量和致癌性PAHs占比分别为0.911ng/L、29.3ng/L、1.64ng/L和28.1%,均低于丰水期;浅层地下水中各指标分别为5.37ng/L、291ng/L、12.5ng/L和25.9%,高于丰水期.枯丰水期沟塘水和浅层地下水中PAHs均主要源于生物质和煤炭燃烧.浅层地下水PAHs的含量与沟塘水具有关联性,即距离沟塘越近,PAHs含量越高,枯水期的关联性低于丰水期.饮用浅层地下水致PAHs暴露的累积非致癌风险HQ为2.21x10^-3;累积致癌风险R为1.56x10^-6,72.0%成人R大于1x10^-6,枯水期BaA、BbF和InP对成人致癌风险的贡献分别为72.1%、9.10%和4.80%.枯水期沟塘水PAHs总量为低等生态风险,丰水期为中等风险,不同沟塘其生态风险不同.纳污的C5沟塘水丰水期PAHs为高生态风险水平,BaA的贡献最大（占40.7%）;纳污和养殖的A2枯水期和C3沟塘水丰水期PAHs为中等风险2水平.综上,沟塘水PAHs与周边浅层地下水具有关联性,枯水期沟塘水PAHs总量具有低生态风险,饮用周边浅层地下水的致癌风险高于1x10^-6.     

石灰窑烟气治理技术探讨

依据石灰窑烟气的特点,提出了一种新型的烟气治理工艺——SDS干法脱硫+布袋除尘脱硝一体化技术;分析了该技术的工艺流程、技术优势和关键系统。工程案例表明,该技术处理效果好、运行成本低,适用于我国石灰窑烟气的治理。     

不同聚合度的聚磷酸铵灭火性能研究*

为考察聚磷酸铵（APP）干粉灭火剂的聚合度对其灭火性能的影响,选用3种不同聚合度的APP,结合其晶体结构、粒度分布及热性能测试,并通过粉体杯式燃烧器进行小尺寸灭火实验,对比3种样品的灭火性能及灭火机理,研究聚合度与其灭火性能的关系。热性能测试结果显示,聚合度的升高会导致APP的热稳定性下降,随着聚合度从80升至1 500,其初始分解温度从326.11 ℃降低至321.54 ℃,失重率从75.21%增加至79.66%。实验结果表明:随着APP聚合度的增加,火焰降温速率升高,最小灭火浓度（MEC）降低,灭火性能增强,当聚合度为1 500时,MEC为118.143 g/m3。聚合度的升高有助于APP在进入火场后更早、更充分地与火焰发生反应,从而使灭火性能得到提升。     

相对干燥条件下甲苯,苯和氯仿的光催化降解

研究了甲苯,苯和氯仿3种挥发性有机物在相对干燥条件下的动态气相光催化降解,考察了进口浓度,流量(停留时间),催化剂,光源等因素的影响.研究表明,在较低污染物浓度,流量小于0.2L/min(停留时间大于3.825min)时,甲苯,苯和氯仿的光催化去除率均大于90%,遵循一级反应动力学,甲苯和苯的半衰期分别在1.0～1.34min和0.65～1.1min;在研究的负荷范围内,甲苯和苯的去除量随负荷增加达到一个最大值,而氯仿则一直随之增大;催化剂的光催化性能与污染物种类有关,同样功率的杀菌灯效果好于黑光灯.     

Dry Deposition Monitoring in Europe

Between 1993 and 1999 two EU funded projects wereexecuted aimed at (i) the development of drydeposition monitoring methods for core sites andlarge scale application, (ii) the installation andrunning of three core sites in Europe and (iii) the improvement and validation of models used forregional application. This article provides anoverview of the development of depositionmonitoring stations and the main results of thethree core sites, which were operated between1995 and 1998. Furthermore, the results of thedevelopment of a low cost monitoring system arepresented. Continuous measurements were made ofboth wet and dry deposition of sulphur andnitrogen components and base cations. The 4 yearsof data show a decrease in sulphur loads and notrend for the other components. It is shown thatthe surface affinities for sulphur depositionalso changed during the years, underpinning theneed for dry deposition monitoring. A conditionaltime average gradient system was successfullydeveloped and tested and provides a good meansfor low cost monitoring of dry deposition fluxes.The costs can be reduced by a factor of 3–4 without losing the accuracy of the annual average gas fluxes.     

A Coupled Land-Surface and Dry Deposition Model and Comparison to Field Measurements of Surface Heat,Moisture, and Ozone Fluxes

We have developed a coupled land-surface and drydeposition model for realistic treatment of surface fluxes ofheat, moisture, and chemical dry deposition within acomprehensive air quality modelling system. A new land-surfacemodel (LSM) with explicit treatment of soil moisture andevapotranspiration and an indirect soil moisture nudging schemehas been added to a mesoscale meteorology model. The new drydeposition model uses the same aerodynamic and bulk stomatalresistances computed for evapotranspiration in the LSM. Thisprovides consistent land-surface and boundary layer propertiesacross the meteorological and chemical components of the system. The coupled dry deposition model also has the advantage of beingable to respond to changing soil moisture and vegetationconditions. Modelled surface fluxes of sensible and latent heatas well as ozone dry deposition velocities were compared to twofield experiments: a soybean field in Kentucky during summer 1995and a mixed forest in the Adirondacks of New York in July 1998.(on assignment to the National Exposure Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency) (author for correspondence, e-mail(on assignment to the National Exposure Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency)     

CHEMIFOG_V – A Model to Simulate Radiation Fogs and their Interaction with Vegetation and Chemistry

Radiation fog is an important modifier of atmosphericcompounds in the planetary boundary layer. In vegetated areas effects are especially pronounced due to the enlarged surface area. Besides affectingthe lower boundary of atmospheric models fog acts as amulti-phase reaction chamber leading to acid deposition. Here we present the 1-dimensional radiation fog modelCHEMIFOG_V to simulate regional radiation fogevents. The key feature of the fog model is thedetailed microphysics, where the aerosol/dropletspectrum is describedwith a joint 2-dimensional distribution, but also thedynamics, thermodynamics, and radiative transfer are calculated. Toinvestigate the interaction between fog and the biosphere amulti-layer vegetation module, including a soil module as well as a drydeposition module were coupled. Vegetation influences thedynamics, thermodynamics, and the radiation field of the lowestatmospheric layers. With CHEMIFOG_V, numerical case studieson dry and moist deposition processes on vegetation surfaces wereperformed. Hereby multi-phase chemistry and the processing of aerosolswere considered. The results show that the chemical composition of thedeposited fog droplets is mainly determined by the aerosol composition. Dry deposition fluxes are dependent on the incoming radiation and the leaves' surface conditions with respect to water coverage.Due to chemical aerosol processing and deposition, the aerosol spectrumis significantly modified in the planetary boundary layer.     

污水土地处理水旱轮作条件下磷素在土层中迁移特征的模拟实验

为了解污水土地处理过程中不同土壤类型土壤溶液 P含量和迁移特征 ,在一种特殊的大型人工模拟土层和地下水实验装置中进行试验 .研究结果表明 :水田条件下 1.5m～ 0.5m土壤溶液 P含量极低 (≤ 0.02 mg/L ) ,但在旱地条件下 ,P含量上升至 0.045mg/L～ 0.628mg/L,P素随入渗污水向下迁移距离可达 1.1 m.在低水力负荷率和较长停留时间的运行条件下 ,1.3m以下土壤溶液和地下水的 P含量处于安全水平 .