Phytotoxicity and persistence of metribuzin residues in black soil

A bioassay procedure based on the root and shoot growth of cucumber and sorghum were used to study the phytotoxicity, as affected by varying the concentration of metribuzin, and persistence of metribuzin residues in soil. Sorghum and cucumber were found to be very susceptible test plant species to metribuzin. It was found that the persistence and phytotoxicity increased with increasing rate of application of metribuzin, and the relationship between herbicide concentration and phytotoxicity was best described by a quadratic equation. Sorghum and cucumber plants emerged as very sensitive new bioassay plants for metribuzin and could detect residues even at 0.010 and 0.046?ppm in the post harvest soil of potato crop.     

兰州地区典型有机污染物长距离迁移及其总持久性模拟

运用TaPL3模型研究了兰州半干旱地区典型有机污染物通过大气和水体的长距离迁移(LRT)及其总持久性(P_ov),讨论了LRT和Pov之间的关系. 以2,3,7,8-TCDD为例,分别利用灵敏度和蒙特卡罗方法对模型的关键参数和输出结果的不确定性进行了研究. 结果显示:2,3,7,8-TCDD,γ-HCH,BaP和HCB在兰州地区通过大气的特征迁移距离(CTD)分别为126,934,117和13 307 km,P_ov分别为1 421,1 082,1 413和3 949 d;通过水体的CTD分别为6 633,119 000,16 249和16 658 km,P_ov分别为1 584,1 551,2 711和4 428 d,且污染物的LRT和P_ov没有直接的联系. 同国外的研究相比,兰州地区的2,3,7,8-TCDD通过大气的CTD明显偏低,通过水体的CTD明显偏高,而P_ov都明显偏高.      

兰州地区16种多环芳烃的长距离迁移潜力和总持久性模拟研究

使用TaPL3模型对兰州地区16种PAHs通过大气和水体的长距离迁移潜力(LRTP)和总持久性(Pov)进行了模拟研究,比较了不同环数多环芳烃(PAHs)的特征迁移距离(CTD)和Pov的大小,对两者的关系进行了分析讨论,并以BaP为例对关键参数进行了灵敏度分析.研究结果表明,16种PAHs在兰州地区通过大气的特征迁移距离(CTDAir)在18.9km(BghiP)和734.9km(PYR)之间,总持久性(PovAir)在0.41d(ACE)和1304.76d(BaP)之间;通过水体的特征迁移距离(CTDWater)在511.1km(NAP)和34472.6km(BghiP)之间,PovWater在5.35d(NAP)和4156.59d(BghiP)之间.16种PAHs中,芘在空气中的LRTP最大,苯并[ghi]芘在水中的LRTP最大.中、高环数PAHs的PovAir和PovWater要比低环数PAHs高.此外,CTD和Pov没有表现出直接的关系.与国外的同类研究相比,BaP在兰州地区的CTDAir明显偏低.     

三环唑在稻-土-水体系中的持留、迁移变化

采用田间试验与模拟试验相结合,研究了二环唑在南方稻区稻-土-水体系中的残留与迁变。结果表明,三种土壤吸附性能,海涂土最差,小粉土与青紫泥相差不大。三环唑在海涂土和小粉土上渗漏性有明显差异,吸附性差的海涂土渗漏速率大;不同淋洗水量对海涂土渗漏性影响随淋洗量增加而增大,在田间实际用药水平下,三环唑能够纵向渗漏至地下水,渗漏特性为海涂土>小粉土>青紫泥;三环唑还能够通过地表水流失横向迁移到周围池塘水中,速度较纵向渗漏快。室内控制条件下,水稻秧苗能够吸收土-水体系中的农药,且吸收量与水中农药浓度呈正相关,达极显著水平(0.01水平)。三环唑残留量采用凝结法净化,GC-FPD(S-型)检测。     

Threats to biodiversity from cumulative human impacts in one of North America's last wildlife frontiers

Land‐use change is the largest proximate threat to biodiversity yet remains one of the most complex to manage. In British Columbia (BC), where large mammals roam extensive tracts of intact habitat, continued land‐use development is of global concern. Extant mammal diversity in BC is unrivalled in North America owing, in part, to its unique position at the intersection of alpine, boreal, and temperate biomes. Despite high conservation values, understanding of cumulative ecological impacts from human development is limited. Using cumulative‐effects‐assessment (CEA) methods, we assessed the current human footprint over 16 regional ecosystems and 7 large mammal species. Using historical and current range estimates of the mammals, we investigated impacts of human land use on species’ persistence. For ecosystems, we found that bunchgrass, coastal Douglas fir, and ponderosa pine have been subjected to over 50% land‐use conversion, and over 85% of their spatial extent has undergone either direct or estimated indirect impacts. Of the mammals we considered, wolves were the least affected by land conversion, yet all species had reduced ranges compared with historical estimates. We found evidence of a hard trade‐off between development and conservation, most clearly for mammals with large distributions and ecosystems with high levels of conversion. Rather than serve as a platform to monitor species decline, we strongly advocate these data be used to inform land‐use planning and to assess current conservation efforts. More generally, CEAs offer a robust tool to inform wildlife and habitat conservation at scale.     

Connecting science,policy, and implementation for landscape‐scale habitat connectivity

We examined the links between the science and policy of habitat corridors to better understand how corridors can be implemented effectively. As a case study, we focused on a suite of landscape‐scale connectivity plans in tropical and subtropical Asia (Malaysia, Singapore, and Bhutan). The process of corridor designation may be more efficient if the scientific determination of optimal corridor locations and arrangement is synchronized in time with political buy‐in and establishment of policies to create corridors. Land tenure and the intactness of existing habitat in the region are also important to consider because optimal connectivity strategies may be very different if there are few, versus many, political jurisdictions (including commercial and traditional land tenures) and intact versus degraded habitat between patches. Novel financing mechanisms for corridors include bed taxes, payments for ecosystem services, and strategic forest certifications. Gaps in knowledge of effective corridor design include an understanding of how corridors, particularly those managed by local communities, can be protected from degradation and unsustainable hunting. There is a critical need for quantitative, data‐driven models that can be used to prioritize potential corridors or multicorridor networks based on their relative contributions to long‐term metacommunity persistence.     

单甲脒在土壤中的降解及持久性研究

本文对四种不同类型土壤中单甲脒及其盐酸盐在厌氧与好氧条件下的降解动态及其残留进行了研究。结果表明单甲脒及其盐酸盐均属不稳定的化合物，单甲脒在土壤中的半衰期为４．６－９．１ｄ，其盐酸盐的半衰期为２．０－６．２ｄ。结果还表明单甲脒盐酸盐在厌氧条件下较在好氧条件下降解缓慢；在厌氧条件时，土壤的ｐＨ值对其降解影响较大。在相同条件下，单甲脒比它的盐酸盐酸盐降解慢，其降解速率与土壤ｐＨ值无关。     

Dynamics of Hybridization and Introgression in Red Wolves and Coyotes

Abstract:  Hybridization and introgression are significant causes of endangerment in many taxa and are considered the greatest biological threats to the reintroduced population of red wolves ( Canis rufus ) in North Carolina (U.S.A.). Little is known, however, about these processes in red wolves and coyotes ( C. latrans ). We used individual-based simulations to examine the process of hybridization and introgression between these species. Under the range of circumstances we considered, red wolves in colonizing and established populations were quickly extirpated, persisted near the carrying capacity, or had intermediate outcomes. Sensitivity analyses suggested that the probabilities of quasi extinction and persistence of red wolves near the carrying capacity were most affected by the strength of two reproductive barriers: red wolf challenges and assortative mating between red wolves and coyotes. Because model parameters for these barriers may be difficult to estimate, we also sought to identify other predictors of red wolf population fate. The proportion of pure red wolves in the population was a strong predictor of the future probabilities of red wolf quasi extinction and persistence. Finally, we examined whether sterilization can be effective in minimizing introgression while allowing the reintroduced red wolf population to grow. Our results suggest sterilization can be an effective short-term strategy to reduce the likelihood of extirpation in colonizing populations of red wolves. Whether red wolf numbers are increased by sterilization depends on the level of sterilization effort and the acting reproductive barriers. Our results provide an outline of the conditions likely required for successful reestablishment and long-term maintenance of populations of wild red wolves in the presence of coyotes. Our modeling approach may prove generally useful in providing insight into situations involving complex species interactions when data are few.     

Apples, Oranges, and Probabilities: Integrating Multiple Factors into Biodiversity Conservation with Consistency

We explore the problem of integrating some of the many factors involved in conservation planning by focusing on their effects on a common currency of conservation success, the probability of persistence. This approach has the potential to reduce many of the difficulties inherent in combining different pattern and process factors. For handling information expressed as probabilities, five area-selection methods are compared.     

土地利用对流域氮素记忆效应的影响研究

"记忆效应"是一些流域实行了多年的氮污染控制实践却仍未见成效的主要原因之一.然而,目前对流域氮素记忆效应的认识还很有限.本研究利用温州市珊溪水源地13个集水区近5年的河流TN浓度逐月监测数据,运用重标极差(R/S)分析和Spearman秩相关分析方法,探讨了土地利用对流域氮素记忆效应的影响.结果表明,河流TN平均浓度与耕地(r=0.495,p=0.086)和建设用地(r=0.692,p=0.009)面积比例正相关,与林地(r=-0.604,p=0.029)面积比例显著负相关,与园地(r=-0.039,p=0.900)、未利用地(r=-0.176,p=0.566)、集水区面积(r=-0.335,p=0.263)和河网密度(r=0.148,p=0.629)的相关性不显著.13条入库支流TN浓度序列的Hurst指数变异范围为0.33~0.72,意味着其中11个集水区具有显著的氮素记忆效应(0.5Hurst指数1.0),而其余2个集水区不显著(0Hurst指数0.5).Hurst指数与耕地(r=-0.482,p=0.095)和建设用地(r=-0.311,p=0.301)面积比例均负相关,而与园地(r=0.479,p=0.098)和林地(r=0.510,p=0.075)面积比例正相关.同时,Hurst指数与集水区面积大小(r=0.118,p=0.700)和未利用地面积比例(r=0.032,p=0.917)的相关性不显著,而与河网密度负相关(r=-0.529,p=0.063).流域内"源"功能为主土地利用面积的增加和氮输移效率的提高加剧了河流氮污染,而对氮素记忆效应的作用则相反.因此,尽管增加"汇"景观面积、降低氮输移效率能缓解河流氮污染,但"汇"景观中截留的遗留氮对河流氮浓度会造成更长时间的影响.