当前我国污染地块环境管理存在的问题与对策探析

分析了我国污染地块环境管理的现状,以及当前存在的法律法规和标准不健全、备案制还是信息公开的不确定、修复行业亟须引导规范等问题,提出了做好顶层设计、完善标准规范体系、加强对从业单位的管理等对策建议。     

城市垃圾填埋场生态恢复工程表面覆盖材料的研究

以青岛市湖岛垃圾填埋场作为试验点,对城市垃圾填埋场生态恢复工程的表面覆盖处理技术中的材料选择进行了研究。对城市垃圾场生态恢复工程表面处理中覆盖材料的选择指标主要取决于其投入费用和生态恢复的产出效益,同时因恢复工程的设计方案和填埋地点而异。对以降低投入为优选因子或以获得植物产出效益为主要目的的设计方案,分别推荐已分解的垃圾土和砂土为覆盖材料。      

垃圾堆放场释气源强确定与评价及其污染控制

对北京北神树垃圾堆放场释气采样并定性定量分析,用上、下风测试和现场测试记录２种方法监测污染气体浓度,用改型扩散算出释气源强;通过室内模拟试验,找出产气量规律,产气成分所占比例,得出单位重量垃圾的产气量,进而推算出源强;评价垃圾释气对环境的影响并提出可行的控制污染对策。     

Classification and mapping forest sites using geographic information system (GIS): a case study in Artvin Province

The productivity of forest sites has been indirectly determined with solo wood production objective in forest management. Forest site productivity should, however, be determined directly in order to implement ecosystem based multipurpose forest management philosophy. This article tackles the problem in distinguishing and mapping forest sites using both direct method and indirect method in Genya Mountain located in central of Artvin State Forest Enterprise. About 112 sample plots were designed and distributed over the area. In each sample plot, soil samples were collected and the classical timber inventory measurements were taken. According to direct method, Soil Moisture Regime (SMR) method is preferred due to a water deficiency in the study area. Water holding capacity was used as an essential criterion for the classification of the forest site. Forest site classifications were assigned regarding the physiographic factors such as landform, aspect, and slope. Five different forest sites classes; dry, moderate fresh, fresh, humid and hygric were determined. According to direct method, the guiding curve was used to generate anamorphic site index (SI) equations and three site index classes; good (SI=I–II), medium (SI=III) and low (SI=IV–V) were determined. Some important differences between the methods were realized. The forest sites determined with site index estimation method indicate that site index I and II is 505.99 ha, III 1095.79 ha and IV and V 992.95 ha, whereas forest sites determined with direct method related to dry site of 937.58 ha, moderate fresh site of 931.90 ha, fresh site of 1,797.71 ha, humid site of 80.48 ha and hygric site of 356.55 ha. The forest site maps of both methods were created using GIS functions. The forest sites of open and degraded areas should be determined according to direct method.     

应用斑马鱼和凡纳对虾诊断污染场地污水的生物毒性

应用斑马鱼(Brachydanio rerio)和凡纳对虾(Penaeus vannamei)对某废弃有机污染场地中有毒有机废弃物堆积产生的污水(1号塘污水)和场地及周边地表径流积水(2号塘污水)的生物毒性进行了试验.结果表明,1号塘污水对斑马鱼和凡纳对虾96 hLC50分别为46.2%和59.6%, 2号塘污水的毒性试验中两种试验生物的死亡率皆为0.化学检测表明,1号塘污水中的主要污染物为苯酚类和酞酸脂类物质,而2号塘污水中均未检出有机污染物.化学检测结果与毒性试验结果具有较好的相关性.     

Atmospheric Monitoring at Abandoned Mercury Mine Sites in Asturias (NW Spain)

Mercury concentrations are usually significant in historic Hg mining districts all over the world, so the atmospheric environment is potentially affected. In Asturias, northern Spain, past mining operations have left a legacy of ruins and Hg-rich wastes, soils and sediments in abandoned sites. Total Hg concentrations in the ambient air of these abandoned mine sites have been investigated to evaluate the impact of the Hg emissions. This paper presents the synthesis of current knowledge about atmospheric Hg contents in the area of the abandoned Hg mining and smelting works at ‘La Peña–El Terronal’ and La Soterraña, located in Mieres and Pola de Lena districts, respectively, both within the Caudal River basin. It was found that average atmospheric Hg concentrations are higher than the background level in the area (0.1 μg Nm^?3), reaching up to 203.7 μg Nm^?3 at 0.2 m above the ground level, close to the old smelting chimney at El Terronal mine site. Data suggest that past Hg mining activities have big influences on the increased Hg concentrations around abandoned sites and that atmospheric transfer is a major pathway for Hg cycling in these environments.     

利用傅立叶红外光谱和X射线衍射技术分析活性焦脱硫活性吸附位

由于目前对炭基脱硫剂的活性吸附位缺乏一致认识,采用傅立叶红外光谱和X射线衍射技术研究了活性焦脱除烟气中SO2的活性位。结果表明:SO2在非载铜活性焦上的活性吸附位有C-O官能团、苯基与不饱和基团。而载铜活性焦除此3种活性位外,铜的存在可能促进C=O发生还原转化为C-O而增强其活性,并作为一种活性位参与脱硫反应形成硫酸铜。     

Erosion Control at Construction Sites: The Science–Policy Gap

/ To test the effectiveness of Michigan's soil erosion control law, 30 construction sites were evaluated in the east-central part of the state. The analytical framework lumped nine best management practices (BMPs) most closely related to the law into three categories: slope stabilization, soil stabilization, and water management. All sites were in the land clearing or foundation/framing stage of construction and were evaluated within 2 days after a rainfall event. Only four of the sites performed above the mean of the scoring scale, with the categorical scoring of BMPs indicating the worst performance for slope stabilization measures. The poor results suggest a failure to integrate scientific knowledge of erosion control with policy. A fundamental problem is the lack of basic site data on soil, topography, and hydrology, resulting in the incorrect application of BMPs, such as staging, filter fences, and berms. The current institutional framework for soil erosion control also provides disincentives to mitigate local erosion problems.     

The current situation of solid waste generation and its environmental contamination in China

In China, controlling environmental pollution resulting from solid waste (SW) and hazardous waste (HW) has become one of the most pressing tasks in the field of environmental engineering. It is reported that the annual generation of industrial solid waste (ISW) in China exceeded 0.6 billion tons in the 1990s, and is increasing every year. Although ISW management has been strengthened in recent years, about 40% of SW is put in uncontrolled landfill without appropriate treatment. According to statistics from the national Environmental Protection Agency, the cumulative ISW uncontrolled landfill in China had reached 6.6 billion tons by the end of 1995, occupying around 55 000 hectares of land. Although some major uncontrolled landfills were constructed, nonetheless groundwater contamination resulted from the use of low-standard liners and poor management. Furthermore, about 20 million tons of ISW was discharged into the environment illegally, and a third of this waste was discharged directly into water bodies, making ISW one of the greatest pollution sources for surface water and ground water. Environmental pollution accidents resulting from SW occur about 100 times a year in China, and environmental issues frequently arise because of ISW pollution. The practices of SW management, treatment, and disposal started relatively late in China, and for a long time the management of SW pollution has received little attention compared with water and air pollution management. China faces problems such as the insufficiency of management laws and regulations, insufficient investment, inadequate treatment and disposal technology, and a lack of qualified technicians. At present, most treatment and disposal technology cannot meet the requests for solid waste pollution control. In order to protect, restore, and improve environmental quality in China and to realize sustainable development, the safe management and disposal of solid and hazardous wastes is a pressing challenge. In recent years, much attention has been paid to SW management in China, and investment to develop management and treatment technologies has increased. In 1995, the Law for Solid Waste Pollution Protection was issued, and work on solid waste treatment and disposal began to be legally managed. SW treatment and disposal facilities have been constructed, and now operate in some large and medium-sized cities. In particular, rapid improvements have been seen in ISW recycling, collection, and disposal of municipal solid waste and regional HW management. All the figures in this paper are from 1995, and represent the situation in China in that year. Received: April 18, 2000 / Accepted: May 15, 2000     

VOCs污染场地挖掘过程的环境健康风险评价

开展了在典型污染场地修复过程中VOCs散逸浓度检测实验,并且建立了3条暴露途径对修复过程进行健康风险评价.结果表明,单污染物多途径累计非致癌指数最高的是四氯化碳,高达8.86E+01,其对综合非致癌影响贡献率为74.45%.多污染物质同一暴露途径危害指数最高的是呼吸暴露途径:1.01E+02,占综合危害指数的84.87%,非致癌综合危害指数为1.19E+02.单污染物多途径累计致癌指数最高的是1,2-二氯乙烷:3.08E-02,其对综合致癌影响贡献率为69.53%.多污染物质同一暴露途径危害指数最高的是呼吸暴露途径:3.96E-02,占综合致癌指数的89.39%,总致癌危害指数达到4.43E-02.