不同原料厌氧发酵及其微生物种群的研究

使用PCR-DGGE技术,对以鸡粪、猪粪、牛粪、秸秆为发酵原料的发酵体系的微生物群落多样性进行了研究.在发酵不同时间取样,进行了日产甲烷量、日产甲烷浓度的变化分析和DGGE分析.结果表明,日产甲烷量整体趋势为猪粪>鸡粪>秸秆>牛粪,日平均产甲烷量分别为2.67、2.24、0.99、0.49L;猪粪、鸡粪、秸秆的日产甲烷浓度在整个发酵周期大多可维持在50%以上,牛粪的日产甲烷浓度大部分时间低于30%;细菌的优势菌群有拟杆菌属(Bacteroidetes)、密螺旋体属(Treponema)、厌氧绳菌科(Anaerolineaceae)等,新增优势菌群有梭菌属(Clostridium)、脱硫叶菌属(Desulfobulbus)、毛螺旋菌科(Lachnospiraceae)、醋弧菌属(Acetivibrio);古菌的优势菌群有甲烷鬃菌属(Methanosaeta)、甲烷八叠球菌属(Methanosarcina)、甲烷八叠球菌目(Methanosarcinales),新增优势菌群有斯氏甲烷球菌属(Methanosphaera stadtmanae).     

牛粪生物炭对重金属镉污染土壤的钝化修复研究

为了探讨以牛粪为原材料制备的生物炭对重金属镉污染土壤的钝化修复作用,采用人工模拟重金属镉污染土壤进行盆栽试验,研究分别添加在低温300℃和高温700℃条件下制备的牛粪生物炭,对重金属镉污染土壤p H值、镉含量、镉形态及供试作物中镉含量的影响。结果显示:高温700℃制备的生物炭效果好于低温300℃,与对照值(CK)相比,当两种牛粪生物炭添加量为10 g/kg时处理效果最佳,土壤p H值、镉含量依次升高0.2和0.1、42.2%和21.84%,供试作物中镉含量降低了71.59%和51.22%,酸可提取态镉降低了21.69%和22.89%,残渣态镉含量升高了51.59%和77.71%;牛粪生物炭添加量为2.5g/kg时,Fe-Mn氧化结合态镉、有机结合态镉含量降幅最大,分别为21.88%和14.06%、31.82%和12.12%。牛粪生物炭对重金属镉污染土壤具有良好的钝化修复效果。     

农业固体废弃物发酵产氢的研究

为了探索不同农业废弃物发酵产氢的能力,研究选取了10种农业生产中的主要固体废弃物:稻草、玉米秆、小麦秆、大麦秆、蚕豆秆、黄豆秆以及猪粪、牛粪、鸡粪、马粪作为原料,采用批量发酵工艺,进行厌氧发酵产氢的研究。结果表明,以乳酸调控发酵料液pH值在4.7～5.5之间,控制体系温度在(25±1)℃可以产生氢气。其中,各原料产氢能力顺序为:猪粪>大麦秆>玉米秆>稻草>蚕豆秆>鸡粪>牛粪>马粪>黄豆秆>小麦秆。     

Enrichment of vermicomposts prepared from cow dung spiked solid textile mill sludge using nitrogen fixing and phosphate solubilizing bacteria

Textile mill waste can be vermicomposted if it is mixed in the range of 20–30% with cow dung. This article reports the effect of inoculation, of nitrogen fixing Azotobacter chroococcum strain; Azospirillum brasilense strain and phosphate solubilizing Pseudomonas maltophila, on nitrogen and phosphorus content of vermicomposts prepared from cow dung (CD) and cow dung spiked textile mill sludge (CD + STMS). The CD vermicompost was more supportive to the growth and multiplication of all the three bacteria than CD + STMS vermicompost. In Azotobacter chroococcum treated vermicomposts maximum nitrogen content was recorded between 45 and 60 days [CD␣vermicompost (25.9 ± 0.45 g kg⁻¹) and CD + STMS vermicompost (20.6 ± 0.62 g kg⁻¹)] followed by Azospirillum brasilense inoculation [CD vermicompost (19.4 ± 0.60 g kg⁻¹) and CD + STMS vermicompost (18.6 ± 0.17 g kg⁻¹)]. Phosphorus content in Pseudomonas maltophila inoculated CD vermicompost was 20.8 ± 0.20 g kg⁻¹ and CD + STMS vermicompost was 13.4 ± 0.45 g kg⁻¹ after 75th day of inoculation.     

微波消解-石墨炉原子吸收光谱法测定鸡排泄物中总砷的方法研究（Study on the Determination Method of Total Arsenic in Fowl Dung by Microwave Digestion-Atomic and Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption Spectrometry）

建立检测鸡排泄物中总砷含量的微波消解-石墨炉原子吸收光谱法.使用硝酸镁和硝酸钯混合溶液作为基体改进剂,在灰化温度1200℃、原子化温度2400℃条件下,采用石墨炉原子吸收光谱法测定鸡排泄物中的总砷含量.结果表明,总砷浓度在0～100ng·mL-1范围内符合郎伯-比尔定律,线性回归方程为Y=0.0013X+0.0098,决定系数0.9976,方法的回收率为98.8%～101.9%,精密度为2.81%,检出限为0.100mg·kg-1.     

Effect of grazing on plant attributes and hydrological properties in the sloping lands of the East African highlands

Extending livestock grazing to the steep slopes has led to unstable grazing systems in the East African Highlands, and new solutions and approaches are needed to ameliorate the current situation. This work was aimed at studying the effect of livestock grazing on plant attributes and hydrological properties. The study was conducted from 1996 to 2000 at the International Livestock Research Institute at Debre Ziet Research Station. Two sites were selected: one at 0–4% slope, and the other at 4–8% slope. The treatments were: (1) no grazing (control); (2) light grazing, 0.6 animal unit months per hectare (aum/ha); (3) moderate grazing, 1.8 aum/ha; (4) heavy grazing, 3.0 aum/ha; (5) very heavy grazing, 4.2 aum/ha; (6) initially plowed and continuously very heavily grazed, 4.2 aum/ha. The result showed that species richness, infiltration rate, bare ground, and soil loss significantly varied with grazing pressure. Species richness was higher in grazed plots compared to nongrazed plots. Biomass yield improved on heavily grazed plots as cow dung accumulated over years. Cynodon dactylon plant species persisted with livestock grazing pressure in both sites. Infiltration rate improved and soil erosion declined in all treatments after the first year.     

Influence of dung volatiles on the process of resource selection by coprophagous beetles

Summary. Most dung beetles colonize the faeces of several vertebrate species without much discrimination, and are thus often considered as polyphagous. Recent studies have provided evidence for clear feeding preferences in scarab beetles colonizing dung of herbivore species, but little is known about these insects’ abilities to discriminate among odours from faeces of various herbivores. In this study, trophic preferences were examined using blocks of pitfall traps baited with dung from four different herbivore species, i.e., sheep, cattle, horse, and red deer, in a mountainous area of south-central France. 4941 coprophagous scarabs, belonging to 27 species, were captured. Beetles were more attracted to dung of sheep (2257 individuals) than that of cattle (1294 individuals), followed by deer dung (768 individuals) and horse dung (622 individuals). Eleven of the 27 beetle species collected had significant feeding preferences for one of the four dung types. For each insect species, trophic habits did not vary between the two different sites of trapping, an open pasture and a wooded habitat. In laboratory olfactometer bioassays, scarab beetles orientated preferentially towards the dung volatiles from the dung type they preferred in the field. Trypocopris pyrenaeus, Anoplotrupes stercorosus, and Aphodius rufipes were more attracted to volatile compounds from sheep dung, Onthophagus fracticornis significantly preferred horse dung volatiles, and Aphodius haemorrhoidalis responded positively to deer dung odours. The role of dung olfactory cues in the process of resource selection by dung beetles is discussed.     

废渣废气连成绿色循环链——浅议姜堰市种猪场猪粪尿的综合利用

对姜堰市种猪场的污染现状进行了分析，提出猪粪综合利用取得的良好效果。具有操作简单、能耗低、实用性强等特点。     

水稻秸秆厌氧发酵制氢技术研究

以水稻秸秆为研究原料,用牛粪为接种物,采用稀硫酸预处理方法来提高秸秆纤维素的降解率,从而提高其发酵产氢的能力,并且进一步考察了发酵初始pH、发酵温度、牛粪与秸秆的质量比和底物浓度四个条件对发酵产氢的影响。实验结果表明:在接种100g/L牛粪的条件下,以1.8%的硫酸加热30min预处理秸秆产氢效果最佳,为19.64mL/gTS,是未经过预处理的秸秆产氢量(0.1mL/gTS)的196倍,粗纤维含量由未处理前的36.7%下降到酸处理后的31.5%。在pH8.0、温度为37℃、牛粪与秸秆质量比为2.5∶1、底物浓度为50g/L时的产氢效果最好,累计产氢量为29.14mL/gTS,此时生物气中没有检测到甲烷气体,氢气浓度达到63.88%。     

鸡粪厌氧消化接种物对沼气产气率的影响

探讨鸡粪厌氧消化采用不同接种物时几个主要微生物生理群的相对数量对产气率的影响。结果表明，接种物中厌氧氨化细菌，产甲烷细菌含量皆较高不仅有利于缩短发酵启动期而且能提高产气率；如何利用葡萄糖的厌氧产酸细菌含量较高，氨化细菌和产甲烷细菌含量低，则发酵难以启动，产气率不高。