Interpretation of black sea sediments analytical data by the clustering approach

Analytical data consisting of chemical concentration of 11 inorganic components in 20 sampling stations from sediments collected from south‐western part of the Black Sea are treated by cluster analysis. The clustering reflects quite satisfactorily the relations between sampling zones and between chemical elements revealing new chemical and geochemical information.     

Long-term drivers of persistence and colonization dynamics in spatially structured amphibian populations

Many organisms live in networks of local populations connected by dispersing individuals, called spatially structured populations (SSPs), where the long-term persistence of the entire network is determined by the balance between 2 processes acting at the scale of local populations: extinction and colonization. When multiple threats act on an SSP, a comparison of the different factors determining local extinctions and colonizations is essential to plan sound conservation actions. We assessed the drivers of long-term population dynamics of multiple amphibian species at the regional scale. We used dynamic occupancy models within a Bayesian framework to identify the factors determining persistence and colonization of local populations. Because connectivity among patches is fundamental to SSPs dynamics, we considered 2 measures of connectivity acting on each focal patch: incidence of the focal species and incidence of invasive crayfish. We used meta-analysis to summarize the effect of different drivers at the community level. Persistence and colonization of local populations were jointly determined by factors acting at different scales. Persistence probability was positively related to the area and the permanence of wetlands, whereas it was negatively related to occurrence of fish. Colonization probability was highest in semipermanent wetlands and in sites with a high incidence of the focal species in nearby sites, whereas it showed a negative relationship with the incidence of invasive crayfish in the landscape. By analyzing long-term data on amphibian population dynamics, we found a strong effect of some classic features commonly used in SSP studies, such as patch area and focal species incidence. The presence of an invasive non-native species at the landscape scale emerged as one of the strongest drivers of colonization dynamics, suggesting that studies on SSPs should consider different connectivity measures more frequently, such as the incidence of predators, especially when dealing with biological invasions.     

Application of chemometric analysis based on physicochemical and chromatographic data for the differentiation origin of plant protection products containing chlorpyrifos

The aim of this study was to investigate the similarities and dissimilarities between the pesticide samples in form of emulsifiable concentrates (EC) formulation containing chlorpyrifos as active ingredient coming from different sources (i.e., shops and wholesales) and also belonging to various series. The results obtained by the Headspace Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry method and also some selected physicochemical properties of examined pesticides including pH, density, stability, active ingredient and water content in pesticides tested were compared using two chemometric methods. Applicability of simple cluster analysis and also principal component analysis of obtained data in differentiation of examined plant protection products coming from different sources was confirmed. It would be advantageous in the routine control of originality and also in the detection of counterfeit pesticides, respectively, among commercially available pesticides containing chlorpyrifos as an active ingredient.     

胶束毛细管电动色谱法研究兰属品种间的亲缘关系

用胶束毛细管电动色谱技术对兰属植物的种质资源多样性及品种间的亲缘关系进行研究．１３个兰属品种的ＣＥ－ＳＤＳ电泳图谱中，共出现３４个蛋白质标记峰，全部为多态性峰，每个样品均有１～２个主峰．邻体聚类结果与形态学分类结果不完全一致．种间的亲缘关系与传统的形态学分类法一致，但建兰种内各品种的聚类不明显     

与土体部分脱离的埋置半圆形基础与SH波的动力相互作用

利用波函数展开法结合奇异积分方程技术,研究了部分脱离的埋置半圆形基础与土体的出平面动力相互作用问题。把脱离区看做界面裂纹,将问题归结为一组奇异积分方程。通过数值计算获得了土体和基础中的位移场。利用动应力强度因子描述了粘接区的切应力强度,其结果显示:有缝隙界面基础与土体的动力相互作用呈现明显的低频共振特性。奇异积分方程技术的引入,使得笔者所用方法与已有方法相比更具一般性。研究结果对埋置结构的安全评估与寿命预测具有重要的理论与实际意义。     

水下连接器试压帽结构动态仿真及密封性分析

为解决水下连接器现有力学模型过于简化，预紧力加载不够合理，密封性能分析结果不够准确的问题，基于ABAQUS有限元模拟提出了新的动态接触分析方法，针对水下连接器试压帽双头螺柱结构，探究了安装和试压工况中该结构形式的密封特性及其与等效拧紧力矩的非线性关联。研究结果表明:在塑性失效设计准则范围内，2种工况下密封环的Mises值最大为399.4 MPa；安装工况下，随预紧力的增加，密封环上、下锥面最大接触应力先增大后略微减小；1 145 Nm螺栓拧紧力矩可完成安装工况，并能在试压工况中保证各部件不被弹开；试压工况下，随试验内压的增加，密封环上锥面最大应力缓慢增加，下锥面最大接触应力几乎不变，最终2值近似相等约为850 MPa，密封宽度合理。     

The value of flexibility in conservation financing

Land‐acquisition strategies employed by conservation organizations vary in their flexibility. Conservation‐planning theory largely fails to reflect this by presenting models that are either extremely inflexible—parcel acquisitions are irreversible and budgets are fixed—or extremely flexible—previously acquired parcels can readily be sold. This latter approach, the selling of protected areas, is infeasible or problematic in many situations. We considered the value to conservation organizations of increasing the flexibility of their land‐acquisition strategies through their approach to financing deals. Specifically, we modeled 2 acquisition‐financing methods commonly used by conservation organizations: borrowing and budget carry‐over. Using simulated data, we compared results from these models with those from an inflexible fixed‐budget model and an extremely flexible selling model in which previous acquisitions could be sold to fund new acquisitions. We then examined 3 case studies of how conservation organizations use borrowing and budget carry‐over in practice. Model comparisons showed that borrowing and budget carry‐over always returned considerably higher rewards than the fixed‐budget model. How they performed relative to the selling model depended on the relative conservation value of past acquisitions. Both the models and case studies showed that incorporating flexibility through borrowing or budget carry‐over gives conservation organizations the ability to purchase parcels of higher conservation value than when budgets are fixed without the problems associated with the selling of protected areas.     

多层采空区流场局部动态平衡数学建模分析

针对大同矿区浅埋深、多煤层群、近距离、两硬条件下开采形成的多层采空区极易发生自燃的问题,进行风流流场调压分析,以达到控制采空区遗煤自燃及防止有害气体流人工作面的目标.建立了多层采空区流场调压数学模型,得出工作面风压调节的最优参数,结合工程实际分析,确定了多层采空区流场调压需要达到的预期效果.提出多层采空区流场局部动态平衡的调压方法,结合达西线性渗流定律,确定了多层采空区流场达到局部动态平衡的调压允许范围,并提出调压自动控制方法.     

城市不同功能区地表灰尘重金属时空动态变化

以贵阳市交通区-城市广场-文教区-住宅区-城中村地表灰尘为研究对象,对不同月份地表灰尘进行跟踪采样分析,研究不同功能区地表灰尘重金属质量比的时空变化特征,并通过内梅罗指数法对灰尘重金属累积程度进行评价。结果表明:1)As、Cd和Pb月质量比最低值出现在6—7月,而Cu、Ni和Zn月质量比最低值出现在11月上旬,各元素月质量比最高值出现的月份不尽相同,但以11—12月为主;2)春冬季地表灰尘重金属质量比高于夏秋季;3)灰尘中Ni、Zn质量比随时间和区域的变化最小,As、Cd、Cu和Pb质量比随时间和区域的变化较大,这4种元素在城市广场累积最重;4)人类活动是影响地表灰尘重金属迁移和累积的重要因素之一,温度、降雨、街道形状和地理位置也是影响地表灰尘重金属含量的因素。     

珠江三角洲区域污染分布及其垂直风场特征

基于2014年4月~2015年3月珠江三角洲(珠三角)56个环境监测子站以及9个城市的逐时PM2.5浓度数据,对珠三角地区的颗粒物污染进行了系统聚类分析和相关性分析.结果表明,珠三角地区PM2.5的区域污染可分为3种类区,一为东莞、广州、佛山以及江门(Ⅰ型);二为中山、珠海、深圳、惠州(Ⅱ型);三为肇庆单独为一类(Ⅲ型).其在一年中所出现的天数分别为47、7和128 d.Ⅰ型污染时,除珠海、深圳和惠州外,其他城市的PM2.5浓度普遍较高;Ⅱ型污染时,整个珠三角地区的PM2.5浓度均要高于50.0μg·m-3;Ⅲ型污染时,PM2.5浓度较高的区域主要集中在肇庆、广州以及佛山地区.同时利用珠三角地区4台主要的风廓线雷达数据研究3种污染类型所对应的垂直风场特征发现:Ⅰ型与Ⅲ型污染状况所对应的风廓线相似,低层受东南风控制,高层为西南风,Ⅲ型的风速大于Ⅰ型风速,而Ⅱ型污染时的风速明显大于其他两种类型,其低层几乎均受偏北风影响,而高层则受偏西风的影响.Ⅱ型污染所对应的边界层中低层的风向变化很小,而其他两类则有一定的变化.同时Ⅱ型的通风量要明显大于其他两种类型,其中Ⅰ型的通风量最小.珠三角受偏北风作用时,整个珠三角的PM2.5浓度较高;当盛行东南风时,Ⅰ、Ⅱ区的PM2.5浓度相对较低,而Ⅲ区的污染相对较重.