贵州从江县大融砖厂新元古界浅变质岩现代风化壳剖面中微量元素分布特征与相关性分析

前人对贵州第四纪碳酸盐岩风化壳红粘土已经进行大量的地球化学研究,但贵州东部大片的新元古界浅变质岩分布区第四纪风化壳地球化学至今尚未被研究。作者以从江大融砖厂新元古界浅变质岩风化壳为研究对象,对该系统的微量元素分布状况进行研究,发现风化壳剖面具有与碳酸盐岩风化红粘土类似的特征,即上部发育褐铁矿层,底部富集Mn、Co、Mo、Cd、Cs、Ba、Tl、Pb等元素,pH值的增加对多种微量元素沉淀富集起至关重要的作用。母岩微量元素含量背景值低及岩石节理发育可能是研究剖面微量元素含量整体表现为亏损特征的主要原因。利用SPSS软件对大融砖厂风化剖面土壤中各种微量元素进行R型聚类分析,根据其相关性大小划分为四类。在聚类过程中,突出地表现出一条原则,即为表生环境中地球化学活动性相似的元素往往归为一类。     

高磷赤铁矿选矿酸性废水处理的试验研究

文章采用自主开发的原位生成型动态膜反应器对高磷赤铁矿选矿酸性废水处理进行了实验研究。实验研究结果表明:选矿酸性废水除磷效果与脱磷剂的投加量、速度梯度(G值)、反应时间及pH等因素有关。对于pH2.25~2.56、含磷50mg/L的模拟选矿废水,最佳反应时间1h,速度梯度(G值)63.6,脱磷剂最佳投加量为11.25g/L,废水脱磷率92.47%。选矿酸性废水处理后出水pH升高,不利于实现废酸全部回用。     

爆炸物污染土壤中DNT的生物降解基础研究

2,4-和2,6-DNT是爆炸物污染土壤生物修复的主要目标。文章以该技术的基础研究为背景,对DNT降解菌及其降解性能,生物反应器的研究开发与处理效果、DNT生物降解途径以及降解菌的基因分析与基因工程改良等诸方面,进行了综述。提出了将DNT降解菌与原位土壤生物修复技术以及反硝化脱氮技术有机结合,研究开发适合爆炸物污染土壤生物修复的工程化的工艺系统的建议。     

好氧瞬时供料法合成生物可降解塑料的研究进展

聚羟基烷酯(PHAs)作为一种可以完全生物降解的合成塑料替代品而受到越来越多的关注。好氧瞬时供料法由于高的PHAs合成能力及可利用混合菌群(如活性污泥)和有机废弃物合成PHAs显著降低成本而成为目前最具应用前景的PHAs合成技术。文章阐明了好氧瞬时供料法合成PHAs的代谢机制及工艺过程,并就采用该方法合成PHAs的过程中诸多的影响因素进行分析和探讨。     

岩溶石山区石灰土改良方法及对比试验研究——以广西平果县龙何屯为例

本文以广西平果县龙何屯为例,在系统分析石灰土的特征和障碍因素层次的基础上,探讨石灰土改良的原理和方法。以岩溶动力系统原理为指导,采用平衡施肥和秸秆还土改良石灰土,进行对比试验研究。试验结果表明,平衡施肥改良石灰土,不仅增加作物产量和经济效益,而且提高作物的秸秆产量和残茬量,为进一步改良石灰土提供物质基础。作物秸秆还土改良石灰土具有较高的增产效果和改土培肥效果,并受岩溶作用的制约。不同的秸秆搭配类型和还土方式导致不同的岩溶作用强度,进而导致土壤改良效果的显著差异。各方案改良效果与岩溶作用强度呈显著的正相关,在秸秆搭配类型上,表现为:玉米秸秆+黄豆秸秆+农家肥>玉米秸秆+黄豆秸秆>玉米秸秆+氮肥>玉米秸秆;在还土方式上,表现为:翻压>覆盖。     

改性膨润土对模拟印染废水的动态吸附研究

膨润土吸附法处理工业废水是环境保护与治理中一个重要的研究领域,其分散性能好、颗粒小、比表面积大以及可改善性对处理各类难降解废水有重大意义。文章运用偏微分方程理论建立动态吸附模型,通过计算机语言进行建模和计算,并藉助Origin75软件进行数据曲线拟合,对一种优良改性膨润土固定床处理甲基橙模拟印染废水的实验结果进行了对比分析。结果表明：通过计算机拟合预测的数据基本符合实验结果,说明本文所述方法在改性膨润土吸附模拟染料的实验预测中具有良好的精度。     

基于聚类和多重评价法的河流质量评价研究

采用多重评价方法与聚类分析法对研究很少的大型江河——沅江下游的水质情况开展了调查、分析和质量评价。主成分分析法评价该江段的水质均属于Ⅰ类~Ⅱ类;加权的Topsis法、综合指数评价法、模糊识别评价法和判别分析法计算也均属于Ⅰ类~Ⅱ类,且方法间重复性较高,相互补充。UPGMA聚类分析发现,沅江桃源江段的水质可分为三个亚区;从修正TSI来看,所调查样点多为中营养水体;Ross法评判发现江段下游水质有变差趋势,除下游靠近县城水体外,多数仅为轻度污染水。总之,采用多重评价法综合对比才能弥补单一方法存在的漏洞,采用主成分分析法+加权的Topsis法+判别分析的水质评估以及TSIm河流富营养化评估和Ross法评估的多重评价和聚类分析等的评价体系能综合水质指标的不同侧重点,能更真实开展水质评价工作。     

Impact of safety attitude,safety knowledge and safety leadership on chemical industry workers’ risk perception based on Structural Equation Modelling and System Dynamics

In chemical industry, major accidents occur occasionally. Past research has demonstrated that risk perception was relevant to safety as it might affect the behavior, which could exert influence on the probability of accidents. It is important to adjust workers' risk perception to reduce accidents in chemical industry. To achieve this goal, some key influencing factors of workers’ risk perception of were identified from 3 aspects including safety attitude, safety knowledge and safety leadership. This was accomplished by gathering empirical data from 287 workers employed in 6 Chemical plants in Jiangsu, China. The model of influencing factors of risk perception for workers was established based on Structural Equation Modelling (SEM), and the path coefficients and weights were analyzed by the SEM. On that basis, the System Dynamics (SD) model of risk perception for workers was established. The study findings revealed safety attitude and safety leadership have a direct positive impact on perception of risk probability and perception of risk severity, safety knowledge has a direct positive impact on perception of risk severity, while safety knowledge has no direct positive impact on perception of risk probability. The findings of the study can provide theoretical supports and method guidance for adjusting the risk perception of workers in chemical industry.     

基于海洋环境要素的动态航行风险评估*

为得到精确动态航行评估结果,将多准则决策方法与GIS风险制图技术相结合,以5种海洋环境要素（风场、洋流、海浪、海温和海底地形）作为评估因子,通过数据时空插值法和层次分析法（AHP,Analytic Hierarchy Process）确定评估因子权重,提出权重优化算法改进权重值,进而得到最优动态航行风险评估结果。结果表明:动态航行风险评估结果能够直观展示海域航行风险空间分布和变化趋势,评估具有实时性和连续性,可以为海域恶劣海况提供足够预警能力。     

Evaluating sleep deprivation and time-of-day influences on crash avoidance maneuvers of young motorcyclists using a dynamic simulator

Introduction: Motorcyclists are particularly at risk of being injured when involved in a road traffic accident. To avoid such crashes, emergency braking and/or swerving maneuvers are frequently performed. The recent development of dynamic motorcycle simulators may allow to study the influences of various disturbance factors such as sleep deprivation (SD) and time-of-day (TOD) in safe conditions. Methods: Twelve young healthy males took part in 8 tests sessions at 06:00 h, 10:00 h, 14:00 h, 18:00 h after a night with or without sleep, in a random order. Participants had to perform an emergency braking and a swerving maneuver, both realized at 20 and 40 kph on a motorcycle dynamic simulator. For each task, the total distance/time necessary to perform the maneuver was recorded. Additional analysis was conducted on reaction and execution distance/time (considered as explanatory variables). Results: Both crash avoidance maneuvers (emergency braking and swerving) were affected by increased speed, resulting in longer time and distance at 40 kph than at 20 kph. Emergency braking was mainly influenced by sleep deprivation, which significantly increased the total distance necessary to stop at 40 kph (+1.57 m; + 20%; p < 0.01). These impaired performances can be linked to an increase in reaction time (+21%; p < 0.01). Considering the swerving maneuver, TOD and SD influences remained limited. TOD only influenced the reaction time/distance measured at 40 kph with poorer performance in the early morning (+30% at 06:00 h vs 18:00 h; p < 0.05). Discussion: Our results confirm that crash avoidance capabilities of young motorcyclists were influenced by the lack of sleep, mainly because of increased reaction times. More complex tasks (swerving maneuver) remained mostly unchanged in this paradigm. Practical Applications: Prevention campaigns should focus on the dangers of motorcycling while sleepy. Motorcycling simulators can be used to sensitize safely with sleep deprivation and time-of-day influences.