可生物降解材料聚羟基脂肪酸酯（PHA）的合成与应用概述

聚羟基脂肪酸酯（polyhydroxyalkanoates,PHA）是很多微生物合成的一种细胞内聚酯,是一种天然的高分子生物材料。PHA具有良好的生物相容性能、生物可降解性和塑料的热加工等性能。文章主要综述了PHA的合成途径与有关应用方面的研究。     

粉煤灰储能复合材料的实验研究

通过吸附、熔融浸滞将粉煤灰、月桂酸复合制备得到复合相变储能材料。通过DTA/TG、SEM测试分析,相变储能材料的相变峰值温度为46.01℃,且在44.0℃～55.0℃范围内有一个较大的吸热峰,可实现相变吸放热,且热稳定性好,粉煤灰基本不影响其热性能。微相结构显示粉煤灰能有效吸入大量的月桂酸,具有较好的吸附结合能力。     

浅析求解最大子段和问题的算法

用计算机解决复杂的问题,往往把一个大的、复杂的问题根据其功能划分为不同的模块,每一个模块完成一独立的功能.如果每一个模块用计算机语言来实现,那么当所有模块都实现时,即为对复杂问题的解决.最大子段和问题就是一具有独立功能的小模块,在很多大的问题中都涉及到此问题,用不同的算法解决此问题,并分析其优劣.     

厌氧氨氧化工艺处理高氨氮养殖废水研究

以典型高浓度养殖废水经UASB-短程亚硝化工艺处理后的出水为对象,采用厌氧氨氧化工艺进行脱氮处理研究.以反硝化污泥启动厌氧氨氧化反应器,在此基础上,通过试验确定最佳进水氨氮负荷应处于0.2 kg/(m³·d)左右,系统的HRT定为2 d;通过对系统运行条件研究发现,最佳运行条件为：pH为7.50左右,温度为30℃且系统不需投加有机碳源.在优化条件下,系统最终氨氮去除率能达到85％以上,亚硝态氮去除率达到95％以上,系统运行效果良好,且具有重现性.最后通过动力学理论分析得出氨氮的降解速率为0.012 6 d^－1,亚硝态氮的降解速率为0.013 1 d^-1.通过研究以期为后续工艺、神经网络模拟及“UASB-短程亚硝化-厌氧氨氧化-土地系统"组合新工艺的工程推广应用提供一定的理论依据.     

A2/O工艺中好氧污泥絮体的分形结构与理化特征分析

采用图像法和沉降柱法分别研究了A²/O工艺中好氧污泥絮体的形貌、粒度分布、低维分形维数和沉降速率、有效密度、空隙率以及质量分形维数,并尝试探讨了上述相关性质与这些污泥宏观操作性质(沉降、压缩、脱水和稳定性)相关的各种理化指标以及胞外高分子物质(EPS)的含量之间的变化关系.结果表明,污泥絮体呈现不规则的形貌,表面具有空隙.其有效密度一般随着其粒径的增加而降低,而空隙率和沉降速率却呈现与有效密度相反的变化趋势,这些均表明了污泥絮体的分形结构的存在.2次所采集的污泥絮体的中位直径分别为248.81、 332.86 μm,有效密度的平均值分别为0.004 0、 0.007 2 g·cm^-3,自由沉降速率的平均值分别为2.67、 4.79　mm·s^-1,空隙率的平均值分别为0.94、 0.89,一维分形维数分别为1.03、 1.19,二维分形维数分别为1.64、 1.84,采用基于Logan经验公式的有效密度-最大直径的双对数关系确定的质量分形维数分别为1.74、 2.29.尽管第2次所采集的污泥絮体较为密实,但其表面粗糙程度却比第1次的低.此外,研究中发现絮凝能力较高或负电荷较高的A²/O好氧污泥絮体具有高的SVI和ZSV值;分形维数较低的污泥具有高的剪切敏感性和低絮体强度,相应的污泥稳定性低;EPS总量高的污泥脱水性能差,EPS中蛋白质含量高的污泥其表面电荷也较高.     

动态渗透压力法研究水处理滤料的润湿性

润湿性是水处理滤料的一个十分重要的表面性质.以Washburn方程为原理,用动态渗透压力法研究了无烟煤、铝矾土陶瓷及磁铁矿滤料的亲油亲水润湿性.实验结果表明,方法的重现性较好,误差在10%以内.当滤料的粒径范围在0.6～0.9mm之间时.以该法测得无烟煤、铝矾土陶瓷及磁铁矿滤料的亲油亲水比(LHR)值依次为2.511、1.748和1.317,说明无烟煤滤料的亲油性最好,铝矾土陶瓷次之,而磁铁矿的亲油性最差.XPS和FTIR分析结果表明,无烟煤、铝矾土陶瓷及磁铁矿滤料润湿性差别主要归因于其表面化学结构的不同.     

高度有序的TiO2纳米管阵列光催化性能研究

采用恒压阳极氧化法在纯钛箔表面制备TiO2纳米管阵列,利用SEM和XRD对其进行了形貌和晶型的分析和表征,并通过TiO2纳米管阵列膜对甲基橙光催化降解,探讨光照时间、甲基橙溶液的初始浓度、溶液的初始pH值和H2O2加入浓度等因素对甲基橙的脱色率影响.结果表明,H2O2加入浓度为50mg·L-1,紫外光照射2h,溶液为中性时,在30 mg·L-1的甲基橙溶液(50mL)中,甲基橙溶液的脱色率达到100%.当H2O2加入浓度进一步增大到100 mg·L-1时,光催化的效率进一步提高,紫外光照射1h,甲基橙溶液的脱色率就已经达到了100%,并未出现抑制光催化的现象.同时还研究了TiO2纳米管阵列电极的稳定性.实验结果表明,随着TiO2纳米管阵列使用次数的增加,其光催化效果略有所下降.     

Green energy generation through PEHF – a blueprint of alternate energy harvesting

In this work, an attempt has been made to harvest green energy from piezoelectric material using fluid flow in a conduit. Piezoelectric Energy Harvesting using Fluid Flow (PEHF) experimental model has been designed and the outputs obtained are compared with results obtained from simulations using ANSYS (computational fluid dynamics) and also with the mathematical modeling. The PEHF model has been utilized to analyze the effect of flow rate of water with reference to energy extracted. The full wave bridge rectifier and voltage doubler circuits have been used to obtain the direct current (DC) from the PEHF model. It is observed that the output obtained using experiments holds good in agreement with the results retrieved through simulations and mathematical results. The increase in flow rate of fluid leads to initially increase and then decrease in output of PEHF model as the maximum energy generated when flow rates (external force) matches with the frequency of excitation of the systems, i.e., at its resonance. The maximum energy output is generated at its resonance frequencies. It is observed that the full wave bridge rectifier circuit gives greater output as compared to a voltage doubler circuit.     

Application of response surface methodology for the optimization of biodiesel production from yellow mustard (Sinapis alba L.) seed oil

In the present study, response surface methodology (RSM) involving central composite design (CCD) was applied to optimize the reaction parameters of biodiesel production from yellow mustard (Sinapis alba L.) seed oil during the single-step transesterification process. A total of 30 experiments were designed and performed to determine under the effects of variables on the biodiesel yield such as methanol to oil molar ratio (2:1–10:1), catalyst concentration (0.2–1.0 wt.% NaOH), reaction temperature (50–70°C), and reaction time (30–90 min). The second order polynomial model was used to predict the biodiesel yield and coefficient of determination (R²) was found to be at 0.9818. The optimum biodiesel yield was calculated as 96.695% from the model with the following reaction conditions: 7.41:1 of methanol to oil molar ratio, 0.63 wt. % NaOH of catalyst concentration, 61.84°C of reaction temperature, and 62.12 min of reaction time. It is seen that the regression model results were in agreement with the experimental data. The results showed that RSM is a suitable statistical technique for optimizing the reaction parameters in the transesterification process in order to maximize the biodiesel yield.     

Dynamic contact angle effects on gas-liquid behaviors in the cathode of proton exchange membrane fuel cell with stirred tank reactor design

Liquid water management is still a critical issue in the improvement of proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) performance. In this work, for the first time, the liquid water behavior and transport inside the cathode of a PEMFC with a stirred tank reactor (STR) design, rather than the conventional PEMFC flow channel design, are numerically studied. The dynamic contact angle (DCA) is applied to multiple wall boundaries in the numerical model through a user-defined-function (UDF) code, i.e., STR-DCA model. Another numerical model with the static contact angle (SCA) and same operating conditions, i.e., STR-SCA model, is also developed for comparison. The volume of fluid (VOF) method is employed in the simulation to track the gas-liquid interface. The results show that the liquid water distribution and transport are significantly different between these two models, indicating the remarkable effects of DCA on the simulation results. It is also verified the capability of STR-PEMFC to reduce the liquid water flooding, showing the potential of this channel-less type fuel cell in the further development.