中国参与经济全球化的区域格局响应研究

以加入WTO为标志.中国积极参与经济全球化已成为一种必然.但由于我国的国土规模、自然环境、气候条件等方面的地区差异很大,地区之间在发展水平上一直存在着差距,地区发展不平衡是个长期的国内政治经济现象.这种地区发展的差距表现为各类地区融入经济全球化的程度不同,反应不同.有些地区能够借助经济的全球化而发展自身,有些地区则无法从中受益,甚至因而处于更加落后的境地.本文从三大经济地带、各经济区和各省(市)区三个屡次分析和探讨了不同区域对经济全球化响应的差异,并对全球化条件下我国内部区域一体化格局进行了深入的研究.     

Effects of Economic Downturns on Mortality of Wild African Elephants

Abstract: Declines in economic activity and associated changes in human livelihood strategies can increase threats of species overexploitation. This is exemplified by the effects of economic crises, which often drive intensification of subsistence poaching and greater reliance on natural resources. Whereas development theory links natural resource use to social‐economic conditions, few empirical studies of the effect of economic downturns on wild animal species have been conducted. I assessed the relations between African elephant (Loxodonta africana) mortality and human‐caused wounds in Samburu, Kenya and (1) livestock and maize prices (measures of local economic conditions), (2) change in national and regional gross domestic product (GDP) (measures of macroeconomic conditions), and (3) the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) (a correlate of primary productivity). In addition, I analyzed household survey data to determine the attitudes of local people toward protected areas and wild animals in the area. When cattle prices in the pastoralist study region were low, human‐caused wounds to and adult mortality of elephants increased. The NDVI was negatively correlated with juvenile mortality, but not correlated with adult mortality. Changes in Kenyan and East Asian (primary market for ivory) GDP did not explain significant variation in mortality. Increased human wounding of elephants and elephant mortality during periods of low livestock prices (local economic downturns) likely reflect an economically driven increase in ivory poaching. Local but not macroeconomic indices explained significant variation in mortality, likely due to the dominance of the subsistence economy in the study area and its political and economic isolation. My results suggest economic metrics can serve as effective indicators of changes in human use of and resulting effects on natural resources. Such information can help focus management approaches (e.g., antipoaching effort or proffering of alternative occupational opportunities) that address variation in local activities that threaten plant and animal populations.     

氾水镇生态建设规划促进经济与环境协调发展实证分析

绿化系统建设、生态农业建设、乡镇工业布局与调整是水镇生态建设规划的要点。执行生态建设规划的措施有：领导重视；强化环境管理和科技支持；增大环保投入和依靠公众参与。实证分析表明生态建设规划促进了水镇经济与环境协调发展     

Carbon accounting of material substitution with biomass: Case studies for Austria investigated with IPCC default and alternative approaches

There is evidence that the replacement of carbon-intensive products with bio-based substitutes (‘material substitution with biomass’) can be highly efficient in reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Based on two case studies (CS1/2) for Austria, potential benefits of material substitution in comparison to fuel substitution are analysed. GHG savings are calculated according to default IPCC approaches (Tier 2 method assuming first-order decay) and with more realistic approaches based on distribution functions. In CS1, high savings are achieved by using wood residues for the production of insulating boards instead of energy. The superiority of material substitution is due to the establishment of a long-term carbon storage, the high emission factor of wood in comparison to natural gas and higher efficiencies of gas-fired facilities.The biomass feedstock in CS2 is lignocellulosic ethanol being used for bio-ethylene production (material substitution) or replacing gasoline (fuel substitution). GHG savings are mainly due to lower production emissions of bio-ethylene in comparison to conventional ethylene and significantly lower than in CS1 (per unit of biomass consumed). While CS1 is highly robust to parameter variation, the long-term projections in CS2 are quite speculative.To create adequate incentives for including material substitution in national climate strategies, shortcomings of current default accounting methods must be addressed. Under current methods the GHG savings in both case studies would not (fully) materialize in the national GHG inventory. The main reason is that accounting of wood products is confined to the proportion derived from domestic harvest, whereas imported biomass used for energy is treated as carbon-neutral. Further inadequacies of IPCC default accounting methods include the assumption of exponential decay and the disregard of advanced bio-based products.     

Economic Globalization and Industrial Pollution

In order to study the relationship between economic globalization and industrial pollution, this paper developed the theoretical framework and used simultaneous equations. The result shows that economic globalization has influences on the industrial pollution mainly by the direct effect of scale, structure and technology as well as the indirect effect of income and policy. Considering all the factors, economic globalization, especially foreign direct investment （FDI）, will reduce industrial pollution, in which technology spillover effect plays an important role.     

改革开放30年人的发展:评价与反思

传统的“唯GDP ”的经济发展方式成为中国未来经济可持续发展的桎梏,转变发展方式,提高经济增长质量,倡导共享式、包容性增长成为中国经济发展的新主题,而这种发展模式的基本导向就是促进“人的发展”.基于这样一个视角,本文依据经济增长质量提高的要求,从人的素质、人的福利、人的保障、人的迁移4个方面构建综合评价指标体系,对改革开放30年人的发展程度进行了测度与评价.评价结果显示:随着经济不断发展,30年间中国人的发展状况得到明显提高,但是人的发展指数以及人的素质指数、人的福利指数、人的保障指数、人的迁移指数、经济状况指数、资源环境指数仍需不断改善.未来中国在提高增长质量的过程中要促进人的发展,强调经济发展与人的发展的协调,树立“以人为本”的发展理念,着眼于人性,重视人的存在、人的价值、人的意义,建立促进人的素质和能力提升的机制和体制,确定以“富民”为目标的经济发展道路,实现人的发展与生态环境协调发展的有机统一.     

论总量控制与排污权交易

从总量控制与排污权交易的基本内涵和相互联系出发,分析了总量控制与排污权交易一体化政策对于环境经济、环境管理、企业管理及宏观经济等领域的意义,并提出了实施总量控制与排污权交易的政策条件.     

广东省环境库兹涅茨特征分析

介绍了环境库兹涅茨假说经验结论,对其所涉及的环境质量随着经济增长出现"先恶化,后改善"的现象进行了分析,指出环境质量的变化不会自动产生,必须在环境政策的干预下才能实现.结合广东省废水、废气以及COD_Cr和SO₂等污染物排放量及经济增长数据,构建了广东省环境库兹涅茨曲线,实证分析了广东省经济增长与环境质量之间的关系;经过"十五"以来的环境综合整治,广东省废水和废气排放总量正在并将逐渐继续下降,部分环境指标正在接近转折点.      

黑龙江大兴安岭森林绿色核算研究

在对国内外森林绿色核算研究综述的基础上,对黑龙江大兴安岭1997-2003年森林资源的实物量、价值量和森林绿色GDP等进行了核算。核算结果表明:黑龙江大兴安岭森林的eaGDP(environmentallyadjustedGDP)1997年为38.19×108元,2003年为57.34×108元,年均增长7.01%;森林的eaNDP(environmentallyadjustedNDP)1997年为25.70×108元,2003年为43.96×108元,年均增长9.36%。在森林绿色GDP核算的基础上,进行了资产负债和财富核算。结果表明,1997-2003年,黑龙江大兴安岭林地、林木存量价值呈减少的趋势;森林环境效益呈增加的趋势,反映在社会经济发展中对林地、林木存量的过度开发和利用。森林绿色GDP占GDP的比重和森林资源占国民财富的比重也呈下降的趋势,说明黑龙江大兴安岭虽然在天然林保护工程后,全面禁止天然林采伐,森林的生长量大于消耗量,表现为流量价值有所增加,反映森林是可持续的经营,但从存量上看对国民经济发展的支撑力是下降的。最后,研究指出,应加强生态补偿政策的研究,积极落实森林可持续经营对策和建议加强绿色财富政策的制定,以保证黑龙江大兴安岭森林的可持续发展和绿色财富的增长。     

RIPARIAN ZONE CLASSIFICATION FOR MANAGEMENT OF STREAM WATER QUALITY AND ECOSYSTEM HEALTH1

ABSTRACT: Riparian zones perform a variety of biophysical functions that can be managed to reduce the effects of land use on instream habitat and water quality. However, the functions and human uses of riparian zones vary with biophysical factors such as landform, vegetation, and position along the stream continuum. These variations mean that “one size fits all” approaches to riparian management can be ineffective for reducing land use impacts. Thus riparian management planning at the watershed scale requires a framework that can consider spatial differences in riparian functions and human uses We describe a pilot riparian zone classification developed to provide such a framework for riparian management in two diverse river systems in the Waikato region of New Zealand. Ten classes of riparian zones were identified that differed sufficiently in their biophysical features to require different management. Generic “first steps” and “best practical” riparian management recommendations and associated costs were developed for each riparian class. The classification aims to not only improve our understanding of the effectiveness of riparian zone management as a watershed management tool among water managers and land owners, but to also provide a basis for deciding on management actions.