Principles and perspectives

BACKGROUND, AIM AND SCOPE: With respect to the enormous increase of chemical production in the last decades and the tens of thousands of individual chemicals on the market, the permanent improvement of chemical management is a permanent target to achieve the goals of sustainable consumption and production set by the WSSD in Johannesburg 2002. MAIN FEATURES: Several approaches exist to describe sustainability of chemistry. However, commonly agreed criteria are still missing. There is no doubt that products of modern chemistry help to achieve important goals of sustainability and that significant improvements have occurred regarding direct releases from production sites, but several facts demonstrate that chemistry is far from being sustainable. Still too many chemicals exhibit hazardous characteristics and pose a risk to health and environment. Too many resources are needed to produce chemicals and finished products. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Therefore, a strategy for sustainability of chemistry should be developed which comprises the following main elements: 1. Sustainable chemicals: sustainable chemical management includes a regulatory framework which makes no difference between new and existing chemicals, contains efficient information flow through the supply chain which allows users to handle chemicals safely and offers an authorisation procedure and/or an efficient restriction procedure for substances of high concern. This regulatory scheme should promote the development of inherently safe chemicals. 2. Sustainable chemical production: Sustainable chemical production needs the development and implementation of emerging alternative techniques like selective catalysis, biotechnology in order to release less CO2 and less toxic by-products, to save energy and to achieve higher yields. Information exchange on best available techniques (BAT) and best environmental practices (BEP) may help to promote changes towards more sustainability. 3. Sustainable products: An integrated product policy which provides a framework for sustainable products promotes the development of products with a long-term use phase, low resource demand in production and use, low emission of hazardous substances and properties suitable for reuse and recycling. This may be promoted by eco-labelling, chemical leasing concepts and extended information measures to enhance the demand of consumers and various actors in the supply chain for sustainable products. RECOMMENDATION AND PERSPECTIVE: Important tools for the promotion of sustainable chemistry are the abolition of barriers for innovation in legislation and within the chemical industry, more transparency for all users of chemical products, a new focus on sustainability in education and research, and a new way of thinking in terms of sustainability.     

磁性生物炭对水中CIP和OFL的吸附行为和机制

采用化学共沉淀方法将Fe2+/Fe3+和芦苇生物质材料进行复合,然后于873.15 K限氧热解制备出具有磁分离及高吸附性能的磁性生物炭(MBC).利用SEM、BET、FTIR和VSM等对其理化性质进行表征,并考察了MBC对水中环丙沙星(CIP)和氧氟沙星(OFL)的吸附行为和机制.结果表明,MBC表面含有大量的含氧官能团,比表面积和总孔体积分别为254.6 m2·g-1和0.257 cm3·g-1.MBC对CIP和OFL的吸附有很强的p H和温度依赖性.不同p H下,CIP和OFL各形态离子(阳离子、两性离子和阴离子)对吸附的贡献不同.MBC对CIP和OFL的吸附过程为自发、熵增的吸热过程.CIP和OFL在磁性炭上的吸附动力学符合准二级动力学模型,吸附等温线符合Langmuir模型.MBC对CIP和OFL的平衡吸附量分别为27.84 mg·g~(-1)和22.00 mg·g~(-1).孔填充作用、π-π电子供体受体作用、氢键作用、疏水作用和静电作用可能是MBC吸附CIP和OFL的重要机制.     

环境治理投入对经济增长的异质性影响研究——基于城市化的视角

在城市化水平不断提高的背景下,探究环境治理投入促进还是阻碍了经济增长,城市化在两者关系中扮演什么角色具有重要的现实意义。论文基于中国大陆2003—2015年31个省份的数据,运用面板门槛模型、系统广义矩估计方法探究环境治理投入与经济增长之间的关系。结果表明：1）环境治理投入与经济增长之间存在参数异质性,具有显著的门槛效应;2）环境治理投入对省际经济增长的影响因环境治理投入量的差异分为前期影响不显著、后期促进两个阶段;3）适度的城市化水平可以提高环境治理投入的效率,从而促进经济增长。基于此,论文认为应在继续增加环境治理投入的同时提高城市化水平,以城市化助力环境治理投入取得环境和经济效益的双赢。     

FeCl3改性MOFs在低温下对Hg0的吸附性能

为提高吸附剂对Hg0（零价汞）的吸附效率,利用MOFs（金属有机框架）材料发达的孔隙结构和高比表面积（1 997.010 0 m2/g）,采用FeCl₃溶液浸渍改性,制备了吸附剂FeCl₃@MIL-101（Cr）用于脱除Hg0.在小型固定床反应器上考察了浸渍浓度、反应温度、氧含量等对Hg0去除的影响.结果表明:FeCl₃@MIL-101（Cr）在进口ρ（Hg0）为2×10-3 mg/L,c（FeCl₃）为0.2 mol/L,反应温度60℃,气体流速400 mL/min,φ（O₂）为1%的条件下,吸附穿透时间长达62 h,相应的吸附容量为14.27 mg/g.在此基础上,进一步利用BET（比表面积测试）、SEM（扫描电镜）-EDX（能量色散X射线光谱）、XRD（X射线衍射）、XPS（X射线光电子能谱）等常用表征手段研究了改性前后吸附剂的物理化学特性,证明了吸附剂FeCl₃@MIL-101（Cr）吸附零价汞是物理吸附与化学吸附共同作用的结果,含氯官能团在吸附Hg0过程中也发挥了相当大的作用,并且氧气可促进其吸附效果.最后,分析了其吸附机理.研究显示,该种吸附剂在低温条件下具有较为优良的脱汞性能,应用前景良好.      

Transformational leadership and employee voice behavior: A Pygmalion mechanism

We theorized and examined a Pygmalion perspective beyond those proposed in past studies in the relationship between transformational leadership and employee voice behavior. Specifically, we proposed that transformational leadership influences employee voice through leaders' voice expectation and employees' voice role perception (i.e., Pygmalion mechanism). We also theorized that personal identification with transformational leaders influences the extent to which employees internalize leaders' external voice expectation as their own voice role perception. In a time‐lagged field study, we found that leaders' voice expectation and employees' voice role perception (i.e., the Pygmalion process) mediate the relationship between transformational leadership and voice behavior. In addition, we found transformational leadership strengthens employees' personal identification with the leader, which in turn, as a moderator, amplifies the proposed Pygmalion process. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

煤层底板卸荷扰动断裂机制宏细观研究

基于断裂力学和重整化群理论,采用综合研究方法,从宏细观角度对开采扰动底板损伤岩层动态失稳机理进行了研究。结果表明,煤层回采后,底板岩层存在高应力束组成的主应力拱,最大主应力大小决定裂纹的起裂与扩展,裂纹的生长路径受控于最大主应力的方向。采场高支承压力引起岩层原始裂纹起裂,宏观上表现为底板岩层的预先剪切随机破坏;近场区域最大主应力场部分偏转,引起底板岩层中垂直应力显著降低、浅部水平应力急剧增加和斜向采空区方向产生高剪应力,迫使裂隙在原有扩展长度基础上进一步生长;工作面继续推进,采空区内底板岩层水平方向上压缩和竖向膨胀引起岩层拉破坏,当底板岩层损伤发展到临近损伤值时,极小范围的扰动被强烈放大,底板岩层由随机破坏转为"雪崩"式宏观断裂。     

好氧颗粒污泥的形成机制、特性及应用研究进展

好氧颗粒污泥凭借其密实的结构、多样的微生物种群以及优良的沉降性能,已经引起了污水生物处理领域许多学者的兴趣.本文总结了近年来国内外好氧颗粒污泥技术和应用的最新研究成果,包括好氧颗粒污泥的形成机制、好氧颗粒污泥的特性及其微生物相、环境条件对好氧颗粒污泥形成的影响、好氧颗粒污泥模型以及在处理市政污水和含毒工业废水上的应用,并展望了好氧颗粒污泥的应用前景.     

基于POF的温度应力加速试验失效机理一致性研究

目的通过失效物理手段得到温度加速寿命试验的失效机理突变点,节省试验样本,并为加速寿命试验的有效性提供保障。方法利用电子产品典型失效物理模型,在求解MOSFET器件激活能的基础上确定失效机理突变点,并开展失效物理分析,从微观分析的角度验证失效机理一致性判定方法的理论正确性和工程适用性。结果 MOSFET器件在温度低于240℃时,失效机理没有发生改变;温度高于240℃时,失效机理发生了改变,与前述失效机理不一致。结论基于失效物理的方法可以确定器件机理发生变化的温度应力点,所需样本量小。     

福州市经济增长与环境污染的计量分析

根据环境库兹涅茨曲线原理,选取福州市1990年-2008年的经济与环境数据,运用EXCEL软件,分析福州市经济因子与环境因子的相关关系,并建立模拟经济因子与环境因子之间动态回归模型．通过人均GDP污染排放量模型发现,福州市污染排放量并不符合环境库兹涅茨曲线的倒“U”模型。工业废水排放量呈现正“U”型。工业废气排放量与工业固废产生量呈现倒“U”型的左侧部分,转折点尚未出现。环境质量并非随着GDP的增长而增高,产业结构调整、环境政策实施以及工业化进程等因素是决定环境质量的主导因素。     

磁化-厌氧生物降解有机物的影响机理分析

磁化对好氧生物降解有机物的研究较多,文章在厌氧条件下,采用不同磁场强度,对不同种类的有机污水进行实验分析;结果表明,在厌氧条件下,磁处理对提高水中有机物分解更为显著;在实验的基础上,分析了磁处理对厌氧生物降解有机物的影响因素,并探讨了磁化-厌氧生物降解有机物的机理。