西北干旱区水资源开发利用阶段及潜力

根据中国西北干旱区山前平原地区水资源转化和开发利用历史、现状与未来的趋势,可以将水资源开发利用划分为３个阶段：地表水开发利用阶段、地表水与地下水联合开发利用阶段和可用水资源的经济利用阶段。３个阶段前后衔接,相互交叉,较客观地反映了干旱区水资源开发利用层次随社会、技术进步不断提高的规律和过程。其中节水实际上在整个水资源开发利用过程中都要贯彻,但第三阶段的经济用水内涵不同于前两个阶段,特别是在灌溉农业上,包含摆脱传统观念和进行变革,具有更深层次的意义。根据调查和计算,干旱地区现净用的水量仅１６０×１０^８ｍ３,只占水资源总量的１８％,还处在地表水资源开发利用不充分阶段；如完成第一阶段,可用水量能增加９１％,完成第二阶段,则可增加２１６％,潜力很大。     

环境管制过程中的管制者与被管制者行为分析

环境污染的经济负外部性对污染者具有激励作用,因此,解决环境问题的关键是对污染者加以管制.作为管制者的政府,需要了解排污者的污染严重程度,并据此限制和惩罚排污者的负外部性,作为被管制对象的排污者,有的要隐瞒真相,逃避惩罚.本文在环境污染的经济外部性和一般消除对策分析的基础上,通过分析环境管制过程中管制者和被管制者之间的博弈对策和行为,说明了惩罚的轻重程度导致的结果决然不同.博弈的最优策略表明,只有一定数额的排污罚金才可以起到惩治的作用,高额罚金不仅可以激励排污者真实披露污染信息,为污染治理提供科学依据,还可以降低政府的检测概率,减少政府在管制过程中的交易成本,因此,以高额度的罚金管制污染者应成为政府重要的管制手段.     

薯类酒精醪液综合治理工程技术经济分析

在充分调查目前薯类酒精醪液治理工程的基础上，结合多年的实际工作经验和研究成果，提出了薯类酒精醪液治理达标排放的基本工艺流程，并对该基本流程的主要设计环节进行了技术经济分析。     

Wind tunnel attraction of grapevine moth females, Lobesia Botrana, to natural and artificial grape odour

Summary. Host plant volatiles which attract insect herbivores for egg-laying are of principal interest with respect to insect ecology and evolution. Direct applications concern population monitoring and control through behavioural manipulation. Identification of behaviourally active plant secondary metabolites is essential also for plant breeding for insect resistance. Grapevine moth females Lobesia botrana are attracted by upwind flight to green grape berries Vitis vinifera. The headspace of grape berries was collected on air filters. A solvent extract of these filters, released from a sprayer, attracted females in the wind tunnel. The results demonstrate that volatile cues mediate attraction of grapevine moth females to grape berries, and that headspace collections capture the essence of this odour signal. The air filter extracts were examined by gas chromatography coupled with electroantennographic detection, and the compounds eliciting a consistent antennal response in L. botrana females were identified by mass spectrometry. The headspace collection apparatus was calibrated for collection efficiency of the active compounds. Their recovery rate ranged from 35 % for methyl salicylate to 83 % for (E,E)-α-farnesene. A synthetic ten-component blend was then formulated. The blend consisted of compounds eliciting an antennal response, formulated in a blend ratio corrected for differences in collection efficiency. Subsequent wind tunnel tests showed that female attraction to this synthetic ten-component blend was not significantly different from attraction to grape berries, or to headspace collections of the same berries. At a release rate of 35 ng/h of the most abundant compound (E)-β-caryophyllene, 20 % of the test females approached the source of sprayed headspace collections and the ten-component synthetic blend, respectively. In comparison, 100 g of green berries, releasing the main compound (E)-β-caryophyllene at a rate of ca. 4.7 ng/h, attracted 10 % of the females by upwind flight followed by source contact.     

浙江省旅游景区环境解说服务现状及对策

在实地调查的基础上,对浙江省旅游景区环境解说服务现状进行了分析,并提出了提高旅游景区环境解说服务水平的对策措施.     

Conspecific Attraction and the Conservation of Territorial Songbirds

Abstract:  Conspecific attraction, the tendency for individuals of a species to settle near one another, is well described in colonial species, especially birds. Although this behavior may occur in territorial birds, evidence has been lacking. If territorial birds do exhibit this behavior, it would have major conservation implications. Birds could potentially be attracted to specific sites with artificial stimuli, making conservation of those species more efficient. In 2001 and 2002, we tested whether conspecific attraction occurs in an endangered, territorial songbird, the Black-capped Vireo ( Vireo atricapilla ) by playing vireo vocalizations in unoccupied habitats at Fort Hood, Texas. We were successful in attracting 73 birds to five experimental sites in 2001 and 75 birds to seven experimental sites in 2002. No birds settled on comparable control sites. Many birds attracted to the vocalizations paired and bred. At most research sites the primary threat to the species, the brood-parasitic Brown-headed Cowbird ( Molothrus ater ), was controlled, allowing vireos to achieve high nesting success relative to a nearby, unmanipulated population. Second-year birds were more responsive to conspecific vocalizations than older birds, as they were more common on experimental sites than in the established population. In 2002 birds recolonized experimental sites from 2001 where vocalizations were not played in 2002, indicating that 1 year of playbacks may be sufficient to establish a population. Our results provide the first experimental evidence that territorial songbirds use the presence of conspecifics when deciding where to settle and suggest that conspecific attraction may provide a valuable conservation tool.     

攀钢发电厂粉煤灰的利用

介绍了粉煤灰的产生过程和特性 ,以及水泥型粉煤灰的生产工艺。简述了新型粉煤灰混凝土混合比试验 ,分析了水泥型粉煤灰利用的经济效益     

挥发性有机物税收政策对我国经济的影响分析

基于可计算的一般均衡模型,引入不同税率的间接税作为环境税的征收方式,在3种情景下对挥发性有机物的减排效果以及对我国宏观经济和产业部门的影响进行了分析.模型运算结果表明,从环境角度分析,对主要挥发性有机物排放部门征收间接税,对其排放起到了立竿见影的控制作用.从经济角度来看,环境税对国民经济发展的宏观指标,比如国民生产总值、总投入、总产出和消费等都产生了负面的影响,仅对政府收入的提高有促进作用.并且税率越高,对污染的控制力度越强,对经济的发展的影响也越加地明显.本文建议,挥发性有机物排放量的控制政策,需要以行政命令型控制手段为主,以逐步在重点污染排放行业征收低的间接税收政策为辅.     

CODcr 5分钟快速测定法与国家标准方法对比试验

国家标准方法中重铬酸钾法测定化学需氧量,准确度高,但操作时间长,试剂使用量大,耗电耗水.采用5分钟快速测定法后能大大缩短测定时间,同时能耗低.通过对比试验表明,5分钟快速测定法具有较好的抗氯性,精密度及准确度均能达到要求,且具有成本低特点,证明了方法的可行性,特别适于污水处理厂等需频繁监测点的快速测试.     

火电厂粉煤灰、渣污染及综合利用效益分析

详述了火电厂粉煤灰、渣排放造成的危害,并应用效益分析方法对其排放及综合利用进行了效益对比分析,为环保决策部门治理固体废弃物提供参考。