The three-year monitoring of 18 elements in five edible mushroom species collected from an old orchard

Abstract

The content of Al, As, Be, Cd, Ca, Cr, Co, Cu, Fe, Pb, Li, Mg, Mn, Ni, Rb, Se, Sr, and Zn in fruiting bodies of edible mushrooms Calocybe gambosa, Entoloma clypeatum, Entoloma saepium, Xerocomellus chrysenteron, and Amanita rubescens growing in an orchard planted with fruit trees and situated close to a high-grown forest was studied during years 2016–2018. A. rubescens showed the highest potential of the element accumulation with bioconcentration factors of 48.5, 16.2, 7.80, 6.53, 1.75, and 1.68 obtained for Rb, Cd, Cu, Zn, Sr, and Mg, respectively. Both Entoloma species accumulated the elements similarly with bioconcentration factors >1.0 obtained for Rb, Cu, Cd, and Mg. Bioconcentration factors <0.05 were obtained for Al, Cr, Fe, and Pb in all studied species. The contents of beryllium (<0.1?mg/kg dry matter) were always the lowest among the studied elements. The contents of some elements of studied mushroom species significantly fluctuated over the years. Despite the fact that some studied elements (As, Be, Cd, Pb, Ni) are considerably toxic for humans, the pronounced effect on health is not expected if the studied mushroom species are consumed occasionally and do not represent the main component of the diet.     

Both evaluation of resource quality and speed of recruited leaf-cutting ants (Acromyrmex lundi) depend on their motivational state

Summary During recruitment, running velocity of both outbound and laden workers of the leaf-cutting ant Acromyrmex lundi depended on the information about resource quality they received from the first successful recruiter. In independent assays, single scout ants were allowed to collect sugar solutions of different concentrations and to recruit nestmates. Recruited workers were presented with standardized paper discs rather than the sugar solution given to the original recruiting ant. Outbound recruited workers were observed to run faster the more concentrated the solution found by the recruiter. Speed of disc-laden workers also depended on the concentration of the solution found by the recruiter, i.e. on the information about food quality they received, since they had no actual contact with the sugar solution. Disc-laden workers ran, as intuitively expected, slower than outbound workers. The reduction in speed, however, could not be attributed to the effects of the load itself, because workers collecting discs of the same weight, but with added sugar, ran as rapidly as outbound, unladen workers. Workers collecting standardized sugared discs reinforced the chemical trail on their way to the nest. The percentage of trail-layers was higher when workers were recruited to 10% than to 1% sugar solution, even though they collected the same kind of discs at the source. Their evaluation of resource quality, therefore, depended on their motivational state, which was modulated by the information they received during recruitment. Using previously published data on energetics of locomotion in leaf-cutting ants, travel costs of A. lundi workers recruited to sugar solutions of different concentration could be estimated. For workers recruited to the more concentrated solution, both speed and oxygen consumption rate increased by a roughly similar factor. Therefore, although workers ran faster to the high-quality resource, their actual energy investment per trip remained similar to that made by workers recruited to the low-quality resource. It is suggested that the more motivated workers reduced travel time without increasing energy costs during the trip. The adaptive value of these responses seems to be related to a rapid transmission of information about a newly discovered food source.     

食用菌深层发酵处理豆制品废水

豆制品废水是一类高浓度有机废水，富含有机质，通过食和菌深层发酵处理可获取大量单细胞蛋白，同时又可大幅度降低其CODCr值（去除率达90％以上），为进一步处理提供了可能。     

Effects of an Alien Ant Invasion on Abundance,Behavior, and Reproductive Success of Endemic Island Birds

Abstract: Biological invaders can reconfigure ecological networks in communities, which changes community structure, composition, and ecosystem function. We investigated whether impacts caused by the introduced yellow crazy ant (Anoplolepis gracilipes), a pantropical invader rapidly expanding its range, extend to higher‐order consumers by comparing counts, behaviors, and nesting success of endemic forest birds in ant‐invaded and uninvaded rainforest on Christmas Island (Indian Ocean). Point counts and direct behavioral observations showed that ant invasion altered abundances and behaviors of the bird species we examined: the Island Thrush (Turdus poliocephalus erythropleurus), Emerald Dove (Chalcophaps indica natalis), and Christmas Island White‐eye (Zosterops natalis). The thrush, which frequents the forest floor, altered its foraging and reproductive behaviors in ant‐invaded forest, where nest‐site location changed, and nest success and juvenile counts were lower. Counts of the dove, which forages exclusively on the forest floor, were 9–14 times lower in ant‐invaded forest. In contrast, counts and foraging success of the white‐eye, a generalist feeder in the understory and canopy, were higher in ant‐invaded forest, where mutualism between the ant and honeydew‐secreting scale insects increased the abundance of scale‐insect prey. These complex outcomes involved the interplay of direct interference by ants and altered resource availability and habitat structure caused indirectly by ant invasion. Ecological meltdown, rapidly unleashed by ant invasion, extended to these endemic forest birds and may affect key ecosystem processes, including seed dispersal.     

The use of invertebrates to detect small-scale habitat heterogeneity and its application to restoration practices

Recent conceptual and technological solutions to biodiversityassessment allow large numbers of invertebrate specimens to beprocessed rapidly and provide researchers and practitioners with a unique tool for characterizing habitats. One applicationof these advances is the ability to detect and monitor small-scale habitat heterogeneity and so provide a measure of ecosystem restoration. This case study presents a test of theefficacy of using invertebrates to assess and monitor ecologicalrestoration following bush regeneration. Eight contiguous habitatpatches within a suburb of northern Sydney, Australia, were selected to represent areas that had undergone different bushregeneration techniques. A nearby and relatively undisturbed area of bushland was also sampled. A total of 57 806 ground-active invertebrate specimens from 35 different orders were collected in pitfall traps. 1 246 ant (Formicidae) specimens were further sorted into 46 ant morphospecies from20 genera. Analyses of the three taxonomic data sets, includingtwo different data transformations, demonstrated that: (i) invertebrate communities successfully characterized different sites, providing a high degree of differentiation among sites;(ii) ordinations of the sites allowed visual assessment of theimpact of each management technique on the habitat relativeto undisturbed habitats; and (iii) characterization of sitescould be achieved using abundance classes or binary countsof ant morphospecies, representing potential cost and timesavings. The project duration was a total of three personweeks and cost less than US$3,000 (1999 prices) to complete.Measurement of invertebrate assemblages will provide a toolfor both rapid assessment of management decisions and ameans by which to implement adaptive management and restoration.     

野生食用菌资源经营权转让优化分析——以云南省小哨村为例

当前野生食用菌资源经营权转让已成为促进集体经济增长和资源持续利用的主要措施,但在这种有偿转让的情况下,最关键和最基本的问题是协调好转让过程中涉及的关键利益相关者。通过对云南省小哨村的8个村小组进行实地调研,从转让模式、过程和模式的选择,关键利益相关者及其收益分配与利用,以及农户参与机制几个方面进行了深入分析,并就如何促进大部分农户参与并从中获益,以及保障关键利益相关者的利益提出了优化措施。     

我国食用菌产业的发展现状及开发策略

从食用菌栽培种类、栽培技术、加工技术、出口贸易等方面阐述了我国食用菌产业的发展现状，并在此基础上提出了持续、健康、稳定发展我国食用菌产业的开发策略：即大力开发种质资源；开发新原料、新配方；建立大型企业，实现标准化，创建特色品牌；加强食用菌保鲜和深加工的开发；建立健全质量标准体系，等。此外，还需加强食用菌遗传学、生理学、生态学、病虫害防治等方面的研究，以期为创造新品种、优质高产提供理论依据。     

The distribution of macronutrients,anti-nutrients and essential elements in nettles,Laportea peduncularis susp. peduncularis (River nettle) and Urtica dioica (Stinging nettle)

Laportea peduncularis and Urtica dioica, which are popularly known as “Nettles” belong to the plant family Urticaceae and are consumed as green vegetables or used for their medicinal benefit in many countries in Africa, Asia, Europe and America. This study aimed at investigating the effect of cooking on the macronutrient, anti-nutrient and elemental composition of L. peduncularis and U. dioica leaves. The results showed a decrease in the crude fat, ash, carbohydrate and vitamin C content with cooking, but an increase in the vitamin E content. The anti-nutrient content (cyanides, phytates and saponins) increased slightly with cooking, while the oxalate content has decreased. The concentration of essential elements in cooked L. peduncularis leaves were found to be in decreasing order of Ca > Mg > Fe > Mn > Zn > Cu > Cr > Ni > Co. Both raw and cooked leaves of nettles were found to be rich sources of macronutrients and essential elements and may be used as alternatives to commercially available nutrient supplements. Statistical analyses (principal component analysis and correlations) indicated that certain elements taken up by these plants were from common sources. Both positive and negative relationships between nutrients, anti-nutrients and elements were observed in the plant leaves.