离子电极连续测定食醋中的碘氟

采用柠檬酸－KOH为离子强度调节剂,用碘电极、氟电极直接测定食醛中碘氟的量。方法简便、快速。本方法碘氯 的最低检出限分别为4.3ug/L和24ug/L.     

Effects of Urban Development on Ant Communities: Implications for Ecosystem Services and Management

Abstract:  Research that connects the effects of urbanization on biodiversity and ecosystem services is lacking. Ants perform multifarious ecological functions that stabilize ecosystems and contribute to a number of ecosystem services. We studied responses of ant communities to urbanization in the Lake Tahoe basin by sampling sites along a gradient of urban land development. We sampled ant communities, measured vegetation characteristics, quantified human activities, and evaluated ant-community responses by grouping ants into service-providing units (SPUs), defined as a group of organisms and their populations that perform specific ecosystem services, to provide an understanding of urbanization impacts on biodiversity and their delivery of ecosystem services. Species richness and abundance peaked at intermediate levels of urban development, as did the richness of 3 types of ant SPUs (aerators, decomposers, and compilers). With increasing land development aerator and decomposer ants significantly declined in abundance, whereas compiler ants significantly increased in abundance. Competing models demonstrated that precipitation was frequently among the strongest influences on ant community structure; however, urban development and human activities also had a strong, negative influence on ants, appearing in most models with ΔAIC_c < 2 for species richness and abundance patterns of SPUs and generalists. Response diversity was observed within SPUs, which suggests that the corresponding ecosystem services were maintained until development reached 30–40%. Our data provide evidence that ecosystem functions, such as water infiltration and soil productivity, may be diminished at sites subject to greater levels of urbanization and that conserving ant communities and the ecosystem services they provide could be an important target in land-use planning and conservation efforts.     

湛江地区农业土壤与作物砷含量及食用安全研究

为了解湛江地区农业土壤及主要作物(可食用部分)中砷的含量和分布特征,共采集了106个土壤表层样品和43个农作物样品(包括蔬菜、水果、甘蔗和稻谷),并评价了农作物食用的安全风险.结果表明,湛江地区农业土壤中砷平均质量比为4.04 mg/kg,符合国家土壤1级标准(GB 15618-1995)的样品占98.1%,与国内外不同地区土壤砷平均含量相比,湛江地区土壤中砷平均含量相对较低.湛江地区各区域土壤受砷污染程度大小依此为:雷州、廉江、霞山、赤坎、徐闻、麻章、坡头、遂溪、吴川;4种主要土壤利用类犁受砷污染程度大小依此为:水田、果园土、甘蔗地、菜地.湛江地区种植的主要农作物蔬菜、水果(含甘蔗)和稻谷可食部分砷平均质量比总体较低.分别为0.470×10~(-1)mg/kg、0.440×10~(-1) mg/kg和0.179 mg/kg,均符合我国有关蔬菜、水果及粮食的卫生标准(GB 18406-2001),与我国土壤砷清洁地区的统计数据相当.湛江地区蔬菜、稻谷和水果3大类作物可食部分通过"土壤-植物-人体"途径年平均摄入量为39.45mg/(人·a),约占允许摄取限值(547.50 mg/(人·a))的7.2%,可见.食用湛江地区出产的蔬菜、水果和稻谷等农产品砷的安全风险不大.     

微波辐照碳酸钾化学活化法制备菌渣活性炭

以食用菌渣为原料,以K2CO3为活化剂,利用微波辐照加热法制备活性炭。采用正交实验设计,研究了活化功率、活化时间、K2CO3与菌渣质量比、浸渍时间对活性炭碘值及得率的影响。实验结果表明,活化时间、活化功率、K2CO3与菌渣质量比对活性炭碘值影响显著,浸渍时间对活性炭碘值影响不显著;对活性炭得率,各因素影响均不显著。综合考虑碘值和得率2个指标,实验得出的最佳活性炭制备工艺条件为:活化功率560 W,活化时间20 min,K2CO3与菌渣质量比0.8,浸渍时间20 h。     

严格管控类耕地非食用植物镉修复效果评价

综述了国内外在烟草,树木(杨树、柳树、桑树),纤维植物(苎麻、棉花)和蓖麻等非食用植物修复土壤镉方面的研究与应用进展,综合分析其修复能力与经济效益,得出蓖麻和苎麻的修复效果最佳.针对严格管控类耕地土壤镉修复,提出了开展非食用植物修复大田试验示范、研发环境友好型辅助措施、优化种植结构调整生态补偿机制,以及及时开展耕地土壤...     

固相萃取法测定土茯苓中4种有机磷农药残留量

文章研究了固相萃取法测定土苻苓中4种有机磷农药(敌敌畏、乐果、甲基对硫磷、对硫磷)的可行性。对影响实验结果的提取剂、洗脱剂、洗脱剂用量进行了条件优化。在优化后的实验条件下,该方法除了对乐果的线性范围在3.55～20μg/mL之间,其余三种有机磷农药线性范围均在2.5～20μg/mL之间,相关系数R为0.9991～0.9997,回收率为79.0%～109%,相对标准偏差为6.7%～8.9%。检出限分别为:敌敌畏0.25μg/mL;乐果2.85μg/mL;甲基对硫磷0.20μg/mL;对硫磷0.15μg/mL。实验结果表明,该方法操作简便省时,灵敏准确,适用于多种有机磷农药的同时分析测定。     

Costs of food waste along the value chain: Evidence from South Africa

In a previous paper (Nahman et al., 2012), the authors estimated the costs of household food waste in South Africa, based on the market value of the wasted food (edible portion only), as well as the costs of disposal to landfill. In this paper, we extend the analysis by assessing the costs of edible food waste throughout the entire food value chain, from agricultural production through to consumption at the household level. First, food waste at each stage of the value chain was quantified in physical units (tonnes) for various food commodity groups. Then, weighted average representative prices (per tonne) were estimated for each commodity group at each stage of the value chain. Finally, prices were multiplied by quantities, and the resulting values were aggregated across the value chain for all commodity groups. In this way, the total cost of food waste across the food value chain in South Africa was estimated at R61.5 billion per annum (approximately US$7.7 billion); equivalent to 2.1% of South Africa’s annual gross domestic product. The bulk of this cost arises from the processing and distribution stages of the fruit and vegetable value chain, as well as the agricultural production and distribution stages of the meat value chain. These results therefore provide an indication of where interventions aimed at reducing food waste should be targeted.     

我国主要粮食品种供给与消费平衡分析

论文基于城市和农村人口及其人均食物消费、粮食工业产品产量、肉蛋奶水产品产量、单位面积种子用量等估算了2013年我国主要粮食品种实际消费量和合理膳食结构下的理想消费量。研究结果显示：我国稻谷、玉米、小麦和薯类以国内生产为主,大豆主要依赖进口;我国稻谷和小麦以口粮消费为主,玉米和豆类以饲料用粮消费为主,薯类以工业用粮和饲料用粮消费为主;稻谷、小麦、玉米和薯类结余量较大,豆类结余量少;按照现有的饮食结构,只需要71%的稻谷生产量和52%的小麦生产量就能完全满足口粮需求。未来应关注稻谷和小麦口粮生产,实施全过程监管以及资金和技术支持,其他用途或品种的粮食生产应由市场主导。     

金衢盆地食用笋的开发对策

浙江省金衢盆地的食用笋资源丰富，开发潜力大，发展食用笋资源是该地区农村致富的重要途径之一。本文在分析该地区食用笋现状的基础上，提出了开发利用对策。     

我国蚂蚁资源及其开发利用展望

本文论述了我国蚂蚁资源现状，蚂蚁的食用与药用价值和蚂蚁资源开发利用状况，对蚂蚁开发前景及措施提出了几点建议。