典型野生食用菌重金属含量及其人体健康风险评价

土壤重金属污染是影响生态环境、食品安全和人体健康的重要因素.云南省土壤重金属背景值较高,且矿产资源丰富、采矿活动频繁,导致土壤重金属含量较高.野生食用菌是高效重金属储积器,云南是中国野生食用菌最大产区.因此,本文以云南省8种典型野生食用菌为研究对象,探究其重金属含量(汞、镉、铅、锌、铜、砷)与分配特征,采用单因子污染指...     

The Effects of Site Conditions and Mitigation Practices on Success of Establishing the Valley Elderberry Longhorn Beetle and Its Host Plant,Blue Elderberry

This study performed the first systematic evaluation of the success of habitat mitigation at establishing the threatened Valley elderberry longhorn beetle (Desmocerus californicus dimorphus) and its host plant, blue elderberry (Sambucus mexicana). Habitat mitigation performed through enforcement of the U.S. Endangered Species Act represents a tightly controlled form of habitat restoration, facilitating the evaluation of restoration practice. Restoration plantings of blue elderberry have been substantial in our study area, the Central Valley of California. Surveys of 30 mitigation sites and 16 nearby natural sites showed that mitigation sites were a fraction of the size of natural habitat areas (mean = 24%) and contained smaller shrubs. The beetle colonized 53% of mitigation sites and its populations were denser in sites with moderate levels of dead stems on elderberry shrubs, and moderate damage to elderberry stems and bark. This likely indicates that the beetle responds to stressed shrubs, which are likely to contain elevated levels of nitrogen. Beetle density also increased with the size and age of mitigation sites. This indicates a need to make restoration sites as large as possible and to monitor these sites for longer than current guidelines suggest, thereby allowing more time for convergence of natural and mitigation sites. Few factors examined here directly influenced the growth of elderberry shrubs, but elderberry grew more rapidly in sites closer to riparian areas, indicating that such sites should be favored for mitigation sites.     

东北地区山野菜资源的经济价值

东北地区山野菜资源十分丰富,而山野菜具有很高的营养价值和保健价值,是绿色食品中的佼佼者。本文概述了我国东北山野菜的资源概况、营养成分、深层次加工及人工栽培方法     

餐饮业废油脂皂化工艺的探索

研究了废油脂的皂化方法和皂化机理。通过红外光谱分析废油脂皂化样品 ,对皂化度的影响因素进行了讨论。摸索出最佳皂化工艺条件 :皂化时间 4h ,皂化温度 10 0℃ ,碱液用量 (NaOH与废油脂的质量比 ) 1∶2 ,皂化用NaOH碱液浓度为 30 %。     

Genetic influence on caste in the ant Camponotus consobrinus

Genetic influences on polyethism within social insect colonies are well known, suggesting that the determination of caste (soldiers and minor workers) may also be genetically mediated. The Australian sugar ant Camponotus consobrinus is suitable for such a study, having soldiers and minor workers that follow a complex allometry. Further, although most C. consobrinus colonies are monogynous, 13 of 42 surveyed using microsatellites were found to be polygynous. Thus, although a minority of colonies were polygynous, the great majority of queens live in polygynous colonies. From the 29 monogynous colonies studied, we inferred that the queens are monandrous. Ants from four polygynous colonies were assigned to families on the basis of microsatellite genotypes, after measurements had been taken of head width and scape length. These measurements reflect a complex allometry interpretable as soldier and minor worker growth curves with a large changeover zone. Genetic influence on caste determination was examined by testing for differences between families within colonies in the distribution of scape lengths, residuals from the overall colony allometric curve, and proportions of soldiers and minor workers (as determined by head width falling above or below the inflection point of the overall colony allometric curve). Families in all four colonies differed significantly in caste proportions and in head-width distributions, and three of the four colonies showed significant differences between families in residuals from the overall colony growth curve. Nested ANOVAs using head widths and scape-length residuals showed that when the effect of family is removed, intercolony differences in allometry are negligible. This evidence indicates genetic rather than environmental causes for the observed differences between families. We speculate that this variation may reflect some selective advantage to within-colony heterogeneity between families or that selective differences are few between a wide array of family growth patterns. Received: 16 June 1999 / Received after revision: 13 September 1999 / Accepted: 25 September 1999     

Use of stridulation in foraging leaf-cutting ants: mechanical support during cutting or short-range recruitment signal?

Foraging leaf-cutting ant workers stridulate while cutting a leaf fragment. Two effects of stridulation have recently been identified: (i) attraction of nestmates to the cutting site, employing substrate-borne stridulatory vibrations as short-range recruitment signals, and (ii) mechanical facilitation of the cut via a vibratome-effect. We asked whether foragers actually stridulate to support their cutting behavior, or whether the mechanical facilitation is an epiphenomenon correlated with the use of stridulation as recruitment signal. To differentiate between the two alternatives, workers of two different Atta species were presented with tender leaves of invariant physical traits, and their motivation to initiate recruitment was manipulated by varying the palatability of the leaves and the starvation of the colony. The lower the palatability of the harvested leaves, the lower the percentage of workers that stridulated while cutting, irrespective of the leaf’s physical features. After intense feeding, no workers were observed to stridulate while cutting tender leaves, and the percentage of stridulating workers increased with deprivation time. The results support the hypothesis that leaf-cutting ant workers stridulate during cutting in order to recruit nestmates, and that the observed mechanical facilitation of stridulation is an epiphenomenon of recruitment communication. Received: 25 January 1996/Accepted after revision: 13 July 1996     

食用昆虫资源的开发利用

本文介绍了人类食用昆虫的历史与习俗，食用昆虫资源的概况和产品开发，指出了开发利用食用昆虫资源所面临的问题和应采取的对策．     

利用苦瓜子衣制备食用色素的研究

对苦瓜子衣色素的提取工艺及安全性进行了研究,确定了最佳提取工艺条件为:用乙醚作提取剂,提取剂用量为1∶40g/ml,提取时间为20min,提取温度为20℃,提取次数为2次。毒性试验表明:该色素的毒性很低,主要有毒元素的含量为Pb<2.0ppm、As<2.0ppm、Hg<0.01ppm。     

麦秸造纸下脚废料栽培食用菌

麦秸下脚废料是造纸厂丢弃的废物质，其中部分被当地菜农堆沤发酵后用作肥料，其余则任其腐烂而污染周围环境。将麦秸造纸下脚废料配制成6种不同组合的培养料栽培食用菌(平菇)，结果以70％的麦秸下脚废料、20％棉籽壳、10％的麸皮培养料组合的效果最佳。这种废料比麦秸秆营养成分丰富，不需要加工处理就能达到变废为宝、减少环境污染的目的。     

Accumulation of elements by edible mushroom species II. A comparison of aluminium,barium and nutritional element contents

The aim of the study was to compare accumulation efficiency of Al, Ba and nutritional elements (Ca, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Na) exhibited by six edible mushrooms collected in particular regions of Poland during the last 20 years. The studied mushroom species were Boletus edulis, Cantharellus cibarius, Lactarius deliciosus, Leccinum aurantiacum, Suillus luteus and Xerocomus badius. The highest and the lowest concentrations of the elements in tested mushroom species were 11 – 410, 34 – 337, 16785 – 34600, 140 – 607, 12 – 75 and 16 – 143 mg kg^?1d.m., respectively. The highest average concentrations of Al, Mg and Mn were observed in Suillus luteus fruiting bodies, while for Ba, Ca, K and Na it was in Lactarius deliciosus. BCF >1 was found for K and Mg in all tested mushroom species and additionally for the highest Ca and Na concentrations of all tested mushroom species except for C. cibarius and S. luteus, respectively. For the other tested elements (Al, Ba, Fe and Mn) BCF values < 1 were recorded.