CHARACTERIZATION OF GROUND WATER FLOW FROM SPRING DISCHARGE IN A CRYSTALLINE ROCK ENVIRONMENT1

ABSTRACT: Recent investigations describing the hydrogeology of the Blue Ridge Province of Virginia suggest the occurrence of multiple aquifers and flow paths that may be responsible for the variable flow behavior of springs and seeps appearing throughout the region. Deep, confined aquifers associated with ubiquitous faults and shallow, variably confined saprolite aquifers may contribute water to spring outlets resulting in significantly different quantities of discharge and water quality. Multiple analyses are required to adequately identify the flow paths to springs. In this investigation, hydrograph analyses, surface electrical resistivity surveys, aquifer tests, and nitrate concentrations are used in conjunction with previously reported analyses from borehole logs and age dating of ground water to identify two distinct flow paths. Results indicate that base flow occurs from a deep fault zone aquifer and such discharge can be maintained even during prolonged periods of drought, while increased discharge identified on hydrograph peaks suggests the occurrence of rapid flow through the saprolite aquifer within a radius of about 25 meters of the spring orifice. Springflow hydrograph analysis is suitable for rapid characterization of flow paths leading to spring outlets. Rapid characterization is important for evaluation of potential water quality problems arising from contamination of shallow and deep aquifers and for evaluation of water resource susceptibility to drought. The techniques evaluated here are suitable for use in other locations in fractured crystalline rock environments.     

The Energy and Environmental Benefits of Superconducting Power Products

Superconductivity has the potential to bring a more fundamental change to electric power technologies than has occurred since electricity use became widespread nearly a century ago. The potential is for an energy revolution as profound as the impact fiber optics has had on communications. The fiber optic ‘information superhighway’ was constructed by replacing copper wires with a higher capacity alternative. Superconductivity provides an ‘energy superhighway’ that greatly improves efficiency and capacity. The economic and energy impacts of superconductors are predicted to be huge. Many challenges are being addressed in order for superconductivity to play this important role in the electric power system. The difficult challenge is underway in many countries to manufacture electrical wire from the ceramic high-temperature superconducting (HTS) materials, while in parallel, super-efficient power devices that use these wires are being designed and demonstrated in field trials. The benefits can be substantial: HTS wires that are a resistance-free alternative to conventional wires while carrying 100 times the amount of electricity; oil-free electrical equipment that is environmentally benign, with half the energy losses and half the size of conventional alternatives; and addressable markets estimated to exceed US$10 billion per annum within the next two decades. The savings due to increased efficiency of HTS electric power products may exceed 36 million metric tons of CO₂ in Japan, and much higher numbers in the U.S. and Europe, if generation continues to rely upon fossil fuels.     

废旧电器再生利用产业技术、经济和社会循环互动机制探析

废旧电器回收再生利用是开辟“城市矿山”的资源源泉。从技术、经济、社会三个层面分析其物质、价值和行为三个形态的循环机理及其互动关系，价值循环要考虑自然资源资本和环境保护与恢复的成本来分析其价值保值与增值过程；行为循环要以基于生产者责任延伸制的主体责任体系为纽带，分析其行为活动规律及其相互关系；物质循环要按照循环经济的原则考虑各种物质形态的有效转换与有机联系，以实现资源到资源的物质闭路循环。     

刍议电动自行车废弃蓄电池污染及其防治措施

电动自行车在给人们带来方便的同时，其废弃蓄电池的危害不容忽视，如果任其发展下去。将对人争环境造成不可逆转的戕害。各种电动自行车蓄电池的发展状况不同，目前电动自行车主要使用铅酸蓄电池，各种性能优越。但酸液如果泄漏。会对环境造成影响，需要对废弃蓄电池对环境的危害提出防治措施。政府．必须重视电动自行车废弃蓄电池带来的问题，从蓄电池的技术创新争回收监督以及使用物理技术争生态技术治理被污染的土壤入手，全面着手减少其对环境的危害。如果改善了蓄电池的环保性能。我国电动自行车的发展前景会很好。     

ZR-BV单芯铜线过电流故障电弧熔痕特征研究

为准确认定电气火灾事故中的过电流故障,模拟在不同电流条件下ZR-BV单芯铜线的过电流故障,通过逐帧分析高速影像研究导线发生过电流故障时的变化过程,使用金相分析技术分类研究过电流导线电弧熔化痕迹的组织特征。结果表明:当I≥4Ie时,导线发生熔断,断路电弧将引燃热分解后的绝缘热解气体,造成火灾的蔓延扩大;过电流导线电弧熔断痕与火烧熔痕的宏观特征较为相似,但喷溅熔痕和发散状熔痕是过电流导线所特有的;枝晶偏析组织是过电流电弧熔断痕的典型组织,且随着电流值的升高,枝晶偏析组织分布范围明显扩大,几乎不再出现等轴状组织。     

我国电子废弃物管理与资源化对策

电子废弃物对人类环境的影响,已成为全球化的问题.通过对发达国家关于电子废弃物管理以及资源化技术的进展回顾,针对我国目前的情况提出相应的对策：制定延伸生产者责任以及有害物质的停用限期的相应法规;建立电子废弃物回收网络体系;通过国家政策和经济的扶持,尽快建立专门处理电子废弃物的机构;加快我国电子废弃物处理技术的步伐,尽快提高现有工艺及设备.     

Bromine in waste incineration partitioning and influence on metal volatilisation

INTENTION, GOAL, SCOPE, BACKGROUND: The halogen bromine is far less abundant than chlorine, but it can be found at high concentrations in special materials like flame retarded plastics. The fate and effects of Br in waste incineration are not well understood. It may have similar implications like Cl for the volatilisation of heavy metals and the formation of low volatile organic compounds. Due to its lower oxidation potential, there is a risk of formation of elementary Br2 in the offgas. OBJECTIVE: Co-combustion tests of different types of Br containing plastic waste materials (up to 22%) and MSW in the TAMARA pilot plant for waste incineration were conducted to investigate the Br partitioning and the influence of Br on metal volatilisation. METHODS: The Br inventory of the fuel mix was elevated to approx. 1 wt-%. All input and output mass flows of the furnace have been sampled and the partitioning of Cl, Br, S, and a number of heavy metals, has been calculated on the basis of closed mass balances. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: Organically-bound Br was typically released to more than 90% into the raw gas. Elementary Br2 was detected at high Br levels. Its presence was always analysed when all SO2 in the raw gas was oxidised to SO3. Br enhances the volatilisation of metals like K, Zn, Cd, Sn, Sb, and Pb out of the fuel bed principally in the same way as Cl. The tests gave strong indication that the promoting influence of the halogens on metal volatilisation is more pronounced than that of the fuel bed temperature. The volatilised metals are condensated on the fly ashes and are discharged along with the filter ashes. CONCLUSIONS: As long as a surplus of SO2 is present in the raw gas no Br2 is formed. Although the halogen induced transfer out of the fuel bed causes high concentrations of volatile metals in the filter ashes, a recovery is not economically feasible for the time being. The volatilisation gives no rise to metal emission problems as long as efficient dedusting is achieved. RECOMMENDATION AND OUTLOOK: If there is a risk of Br2 formation, in wet scrubbing a reducing agent has to be added to the neutral scrubber for efficient abatement. Filter ashes should be disposed of in a way that enables access for recovery in the future. The exact volatilisation characteristics of the various metals have to be studied in future using specifically tailored experiments.     

海洋环境下航空电连接器腐蚀行为规律研究

目的研究电子设备中电连接器的腐蚀问题。方法以军用飞机典型电连接器为研究对象,在实验室条件下模拟军用飞机服役的海洋环境条件,开展加速腐蚀试验。得到电连接器宏观、微观腐蚀形貌,接触电阻和绝缘电阻的变化规律,分析加载电流和未加载电流对电连接器腐蚀行为的影响规律。结果在腐蚀试验的前3个周期,绝缘电阻值在1500～0 M?之间剧烈变化,到第4个周期降到0 M?,完全丧失绝缘性能。结论加载电流明显加重了电连接器的腐蚀程度,导致接触电阻快速增大,腐蚀明显劣化了电连接器的导电性能。     

电学方法在双衬层填埋场渗漏检测中的应用

研究了双衬层填埋场电学方法漏洞检测的原理.建立了漏洞检测模型,将漏洞电流和回路总电流看成2个点电流源,推导了检测层中电势分布满足的方程,分析结果显示:检测层越薄,同样的检测电流导致的漏洞附近的电势异常越明显,漏洞就越容易被检测出来;检测层厚度有限时,检测电极所在的垂直位置对漏洞的检测定位几乎不产生影响.实验验证了模型的正确性.     

电碳行业大气特征污染物及防治措施

电碳行业属于精细碳材料的生产制造业,在碳素生产加工过程中将对环境造成一定程度的影响。通过对电碳行业典型生产工艺的分析,明确电碳行业生产流程和排污节点。重点分析电碳行业生产对大气环境的影响,其典型大气污染物为沥青烟及苯并[a]芘,论述大气特征污染物对环境的影响。对特征污染物采用焚烧法、吸收法和电捕法大气污染防治措施,其中以进行雾化预处理的湿式电捕法效果最为理想。