铬污染土壤介电性质影响因素研究

为了探讨复介电常数法在铬污染场地进行监测的可行性,通过试验比较了不同铬污染物质量分数、土壤含水率和孔隙比下的土壤介电性质的频散特性.结果表明,污染土壤复介电常数呈较为明显的随着频率升高而降低的频散特征,频率低于50 MHz时,土壤复介电常数的实部和虚部变化较为明显;随着铬污染物质量分数、含水率和孔隙比的增大,土壤复介电常数的实部和虚部均有增大的趋势.通过分析土壤复介电常数和含水率、铬污染物质量分数及孔隙比的变化关系,推导了土壤含水率与介电常数实部、铬污染物质量分数与介电常数虚部的关系模型,并能够对铬污染土壤的铬污染物质量分数及含水率进行分析评价,为介电常数法用于土壤中铬污染物质量分数的快速检测提供了有益的探索.     

Survey and analysis of public environmental awareness and performance in Ningbo, China: a case study on household electrical and electronic equipment

Based upon a survey on household electronic and electrical equipment, this paper provides information on the public's perception of the local environmental quality, environmental awareness and environmental performance, and of their willingness to pay for improving environmental quality and making green purchases. The results indicate that Ningbo residents are not satisfied with the local environmental quality, and they would like very much to share environmental responsibility. About 64% of the respondents are aware of Chinese environmental labeling. Nearly 70% and 80% of the respondents are willing to pay for environmental improvement and to purchase environmentally friendly products, respectively. The amount of household electrical and electronic equipment has increased dramatically and most of them are phased out within their product lifetimes. Of all the respondents, 61% chose to reuse and recycle waste electrical and electronic equipment.     

低压电器产品常见的湿热试验

介绍低压电器产品常见的湿热试验和相应试验参数,从而认识低压电器元器件和低压成套设备两大类产品湿热试验项目通常考核目的和意义,对低压电器实际检测的了解有更进一步的帮助。     

唐古拉冬克玛底冰川流域pH值和电导率分析

2005-05-11～2005-09-27,在青藏高原唐古拉段冬克玛底冰川流域对融水径流和草地径流分别进行采样.对样品的pH值和电导率进行了分析.结果表明,研究区环境受人类活动影响很小.借助电导率水量来源模型对冬克玛底河流量进行划分,暖季径流主要以冰川冰融水补给为主,占总流量的62%以上,其次是积雪融水和降雨补给,其中,第1、3阶段的积雪融水补给分别占31%和37%,第2阶段的降雨补给占17%左右;土壤冻结水消融对径流贡献很小,占2%以下.     

电活化过硫酸盐降解全氟辛酸及其中间产物的探究分析

全氟化合物（PFCs）是一种新兴的持久性有机污染物,具有环境持久性、高毒性和难降解性,因此急需研发高效的降解方法.本文采用电化学恒电位电解法活化过硫酸盐,利用得到的具有强氧化性的SO₄^·-有效降解全氟辛酸（PFOA）,考察了恒定电位值、过硫酸钠的初始浓度、溶液初始pH值和共存离子对电活化过硫酸盐降解PFOA的影响.同时,结合超高效液相色谱-三重串联四级杆质谱联用仪（UPLC-MS/MS）和气相色谱与质谱联用仪（GC-MS）,对其降解的液相和气相中间产物进行探究.结果表明,在控制阴极电位为-1.8 V,初始过硫酸钠溶液浓度为200 mmol·L^-1,初始溶液pH=3.29,恒电位电解4 h后,PFOA去除率约达到60%.当体系中有NO₃^-、异丙醇和过硫酸钠共存时,PFOA降解效率明显提高（91%,4 h）,当有ClO₄^-存在时PFOA去除率约达到76.8%,但HCO₃^-和Cl^-的存在会出现抑制效果.通过对降解中间产物（短链PFCAs和加氢产物）和TOC去除率（62.5%,24 h）的监测分析,进而推断其可能的降解机理为SO₄^·-介导的Kolbe脱羧过程和羧酸逐步被加氢还原的过程.     

氢氧爆轰电离模型研究

提出了利用氢能的脉冲爆轰波磁流体发电的设想,发电系统可以解决一般磁流体发电中的高温耐热材料问题和排渣问题.对脉冲爆轰磁流体发电中的核心参数——爆轰产物的电导率进行了理论研究.应用稳态爆轰的ZND理论和局部热力学平衡的热电离理论建立了爆轰产物电导率的计算模型,计算了不同初始压力下当量氢氧混合气体的爆轰电导率.模型计算结果与实验数据基本吻合.同时利用该模型预测了爆轰温度与氢气和氧气的混合比对爆轰产物电导率的影响.研究发现,爆轰产物的平衡电导率主要由爆轰温度决定,氢气与氧气的混合比在接近当量比的时候可以取得最大爆轰电导率,混合气体初始压力对爆轰电导率影响不大,当量氢氧混合气体的爆轰电导率在10-3～10-1 S/m范围内.     

浅谈建筑物临近高压线的防护措施

阐述在建筑施工现场对高压线输电线路防护的重要性,介绍了对高压线的进行防护的切实可行方法.进而减少或避免重大电气事故的发生.     

Fate of metals contained in waste electrical and electronic equipment in a municipal waste treatment process

In Japan, waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) that is not covered by the recycling laws are treated as municipal solid waste. A part of common metals are recovered during the treatment; however, other metals are rarely recovered and their destinations are not clear. This study investigated the distribution ratios and substance flows of 55 metals contained in WEEE during municipal waste treatment using shredding and separation techniques at a Japanese municipal waste treatment plant. The results revealed that more than half of Cu and most of Al contained in WEEE end up in landfills or dissipate under the current municipal waste treatment system. Among the other metals contained in WEEE, at least 70% of the mass was distributed to the small-grain fraction through the shredding and separation and is to be landfilled. Most kinds of metals were concentrated several fold in the small-grain fraction through the process and therefore the small-grain fraction may be a next target for recovery of metals in terms of both metal content and amount. Separate collection and pre-sorting of small digital products can work as effective way for reducing precious metals and less common metals to be landfilled to some extent; however, much of the total masses of those metals would still end up in landfills and it is also important to consider how to recover and utilize metals contained in other WEEE such as audio/video equipment.     

Pollution profiles and physicochemical parameters in old uncontrolled landfills

The long-term effectiveness of the geological barrier beneath municipal-waste landfills is a critical issue for soil and groundwater protection. This study examines natural clayey soils directly in contact with the waste deposited in three landfills over 12 years old in Spain. Several physicochemical and geological parameters were measured as a function of depth. Electrical conductivity (EC), water-soluble organic carbon (WSOC), Cl⁻, NH₄⁺, Na⁺ and exchangeable NH₄⁺ and Na⁺ were used as parameters to measure the penetration of landfill leachate pollution. Mineralogy, specific surface area and cationic-exchange capacities were analyzed to characterize the materials under the landfills. A principal component analysis, combined with a Varimax rotation, was applied to the data to determine patterns of association between samples and variables not evident upon initial inspection. The main factors explaining the variation in the data are related to waste composition and local geology. Although leachates have been in contact with clays for long time periods (13-24 years), WSOC and EC fronts are attenuated at depths of 0.2-1.5 m within the clay layer. Taking into account this depth of the clayey materials, these natural substrata (>45% illite-smectite-type sheet silicates) are suitable for confining leachate pollution and for complying with European legislation. This paper outlines the relevant differences in the clayey materials of the three landfills in which a diffusive flux attenuation capacity (A_c) is defined as a function (1) of the rate of decrease of the parameters per meter of material, (2) of the age and area of the landfill and (3) of the quantity and quality of the wastes.     

烧结机尾及整粒除尘系统除尘器“电改袋”

叙述某烧结厂3套烧结机尾及整粒除尘系统的电除尘器改造为长袋低压脉冲除尘器的设计及工程实例。介绍原电除尘器存在的缺陷、“电改袋”具体措施、主要设备选型以及除尘系统运行数据测试结果等方面的问题。除尘系统可靠运行已2年,各项技术指标始终保持优良状态。