极端温度条件典型引信电参数变化规律和失效机理

目的 研究某电子时间引信在?60~140 ℃下电参数的变化规律和失效机理。方法 利用高低温试验机开展步进应力强化试验,增加和细化引信检测参数,在被试引信工作状态下全程记录电参数的变化,开展失效机理分析。结果 得到了引信基准频率、电能损耗率等电参数的温度特性规律和参数变化范围,发现了?60 ℃低温掉电、130 ℃高温短路等故障模式和机理,并提出改进建议。结论 验证了极端温度应力叠加电应力的强化试验方法,获得了引信电性能参数变化规律,发现了极端温度条件下新的失效模式和失效机理。     

电活化过硫酸盐降解全氟辛酸及其中间产物的探究分析

全氟化合物（PFCs）是一种新兴的持久性有机污染物,具有环境持久性、高毒性和难降解性,因此急需研发高效的降解方法.本文采用电化学恒电位电解法活化过硫酸盐,利用得到的具有强氧化性的SO₄^·-有效降解全氟辛酸（PFOA）,考察了恒定电位值、过硫酸钠的初始浓度、溶液初始pH值和共存离子对电活化过硫酸盐降解PFOA的影响.同时,结合超高效液相色谱-三重串联四级杆质谱联用仪（UPLC-MS/MS）和气相色谱与质谱联用仪（GC-MS）,对其降解的液相和气相中间产物进行探究.结果表明,在控制阴极电位为-1.8 V,初始过硫酸钠溶液浓度为200 mmol·L^-1,初始溶液pH=3.29,恒电位电解4 h后,PFOA去除率约达到60%.当体系中有NO₃^-、异丙醇和过硫酸钠共存时,PFOA降解效率明显提高（91%,4 h）,当有ClO₄^-存在时PFOA去除率约达到76.8%,但HCO₃^-和Cl^-的存在会出现抑制效果.通过对降解中间产物（短链PFCAs和加氢产物）和TOC去除率（62.5%,24 h）的监测分析,进而推断其可能的降解机理为SO₄^·-介导的Kolbe脱羧过程和羧酸逐步被加氢还原的过程.     

湿热环境对PMMA混杂纳米复合材料性能的影响

目的研究湿热环境对聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯(PMMA)混杂纳米复合材料性能的影响。方法利用制备的水包油型杂化乳液稳定剂EMI/GO/CNTs稳定以甲基丙烯酸甲酯(MMA)为油相的水包油型Pickering乳液,用偶氮二异丁氰(AIBN)为引发剂,引发Pickering乳液进行悬浮聚合,聚合产物为PMMA混杂纳米复合材料。将PMMA混杂纳米复合材料模压成型,分别在室温及50℃下进行水浸吸湿实验。采用光学显微镜对Pickering乳液液滴形貌进行分析,通过复合材料的质量变化、动态力学分析测试、导电性测试,对复合材料的吸湿率、玻璃化转变温度及导电性变化进行分析。结果用EMI/GO/CNTs稳定的以MMA为油相的水包油型Pickering乳液具有良好的稳定性,乳液液滴的尺寸分布范围较窄,分布较均匀。复合材料的吸水量随时间增加逐渐增大,达到吸湿平衡状态后,吸湿率基本不变。不同温度下水浸复合材料的吸湿速度和平衡吸湿率不同,50℃水浸比25℃水浸的复合材料的吸湿速度快且平衡吸湿率大。湿热后复合材料的玻璃化转变温度基本不变。复合材料经湿热环境处理后电导率升高1~2个数量级。结论利用制备的杂化乳液稳定剂制备出Pickering乳液并进行悬浮聚合、模压成型,制备出PMMA复合材料。经水浸湿热处理后的复合材料,其吸湿率和电导率均有一定变化,玻璃化转变温度基本不变。     

能耗和水质因素对紫外LED灭活深海油田注水常见细菌的影响

为了探究紫外LED应用于深海油田注水消毒的可行性,通过静态实验考察了255、280、350 nm紫外线对腐生菌、铁细菌和硫酸盐还原菌的消毒能力,并结合光电转换效率考察各紫外LED的能耗差异;此外,考察了水质因素对紫外线透射率及紫外LED灭活异养菌效果的影响.结果表明,紫外LED的单位灭活率能耗受紫外线灭活速率常数和该波长紫外LED的光电转换效率共同影响,尽管255 nm紫外线对腐生菌、铁细菌和硫酸盐还原菌灭活速率常数最大,但280 nm紫外LED针对受试菌种的单位灭活率能耗最低;颗粒物和铁离子等水质因素主要通过影响紫外线透射率对消毒效果产生影响,当紫外线透射率较高时对消毒效果的影响不大;驱动电流相同时,280 nm紫外LED对高细菌负荷水样的消毒更有优势.     

电气设备用铜材在含硫化氢环境下的腐蚀寿命预测

目的电气设备铜材因遭受含硫化氢环境腐蚀的影响,致使其性能下降,并给电气设备的安全运行埋下安全隐患。为保证电气设备在现场服役环境中的安全可靠性,需对铜材在该环境中的寿命进行预测。方法利用失重法研究电气设备用铜材在现场环境和室内外硫化氢加速环境下的腐蚀动力学规律,通过灰色关联度分析方法探讨两种环境条件下的关联性,并建立铜材在现场服役环境中的寿命预测模型。结果在现场和室内硫化氢环境下,铜材腐蚀动力规律遵循幂函数定律;两种环境的灰色关联系数为0.72,相关性良好;铜材的腐蚀寿命模型为T_(现场)=0.74T_(加速)~(2.16)。结论利用室内硫化氢加速腐蚀试验可以对电气设备用铜材在现场环境中的腐蚀状态和腐蚀寿命进行预测。     

Graphical Presentation of 50/60 Hz Magnetic Field Contours as an Engineering Tool for Minimizing ELF Fields

Summary Since IARC classified ELF magnetic field as Possibly Carcinogenic to Human the fear from 50/60 Hz magnetic field exposure had been increased to the state of public “panic”. Subsequently, environment quality preservation organizations increased their pressure on their government to adopt the “precautionary principle” and to reduce the allowable ELF Magnetic Field exposure to much lower values than are recommended by ICNIRP-1998. As an example the present Environmental Ministry in Israel recommendation is to lower the ELF Field exposure to 10 mG averaged over 24 h. As a result of this stringent exposure guideline imposed by the government, electrical engineers who are involved in the deployment and installation of large and medium electrical utilities, such as overhead power lines, transformers, UPS systems, electrical public transportation, switching stations, etc., are much more aware to the need to employ special measures and methods for reducing the magnetic fields that might be emitted from such utilities. There are few computer codes that are capable of analyzing with great accuracy magnetic and electric fields surrounding single phase and three phase electrical utilities in a 3-D system. The best presentations of the analysis results are by equi-value contours depicting electric and magnetic fields. This graphical presentation is a powerful design tool that enables better deployment and installation design aided to reduce the magnetic field emissions from high-power electrical utilities. This paper describes the various types of graphical presentations available for ELF field contours, the dependent and independent variants and parameters, magnetic field animation for optimization of power line installation and routing, and finally an example that demonstrates the usefulness of the graphical presentation tools.     

CORRELATION OF SELECTED WELL WATER QUALITY PARAMETERS WITH SOIL AND AQUIFER HYDROLOGIC PROPERTIES1

ABSTRACT: The geographical distribution of well water specific electrical conductivity and nitrate levels in a 932 km² ground water quality study area in the Fresno-Clovis, California, indicated that frequently areas of lower ground water salinity were also areas of relatively greater soil and aquifer permeability. From these observations and certain assumptions we hypothesized that the quality of the well water should be better in areas with permeable soils and geological formations. Correlation and multiple linear regression analysis supported this hypothesis for well water salinity. However, well water nitrate levels were significantly negatively correlated with only the estimated equivalent specific yield of the aquifer system. The multiple R² values of the most significant multiple linear regression models showed that only a fourth to a third of the variability in well water specific electric conductivity and nitrate levels could be ascribed to the effects of the hydrogeological parameters considered with more than 90 percent confidence. This indicates that three-fourths to two-thirds of the variability in ground water salinity and nitrate levels may be related to land use. Thus, there is considerable room for land use management techniques to improve ground water quality and reduce its variability.     

Hydrological setting of infertile species-rich wetland--a case study in the warm temperate Japan

ＩｎｔｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｏｎＴｈｅｐｅａｔｌｅｓｓｍｉｒｅ(Ｗｏｌｅｊｋｏ ,1986;Ｆｉｇ .1ａ)ｉｓｄｅｃｒｅａｓｉｎｇｅｘｔｅｎｓｉｖｅｌｙｄｕｅｔｏｔｈｅａｂａｎｄｏｎｍｅｎｔｏｆｔｒａｄｉｔｉｏｎａｌｍａｎａｇｅｍｅｎｔ,ｉｎｆｌｏｗｏｆｔｈｅｗａｓｔｅｄｗａｔｅｒ,ｆｉｒｅ,ｍｏｗｉｎｇ ,ｒｅｃｌａｉｍｉｎｇａｎｄｏｔｈｅｒａｒｔｉｆｉｃｉａｌｉｍｐａｃｔｓｉｎｔｈｅｍｏｄｅｒｎｌａｎｄｓｃａｐｅｏｆｓｏｕｔｈｗｅｓｔｅｒｎＪａｐａｎ(Ｆｕｊｉｗａｒａ ,1979) .Ｍｉｒｅｏｆｔｈｉｓｔｙｐｅｉｓｎｏｗ…     

Survey and analysis of public environmental awareness and performance in Ningbo, China: a case study on household electrical and electronic equipment

Based upon a survey on household electronic and electrical equipment, this paper provides information on the public's perception of the local environmental quality, environmental awareness and environmental performance, and of their willingness to pay for improving environmental quality and making green purchases. The results indicate that Ningbo residents are not satisfied with the local environmental quality, and they would like very much to share environmental responsibility. About 64% of the respondents are aware of Chinese environmental labeling. Nearly 70% and 80% of the respondents are willing to pay for environmental improvement and to purchase environmentally friendly products, respectively. The amount of household electrical and electronic equipment has increased dramatically and most of them are phased out within their product lifetimes. Of all the respondents, 61% chose to reuse and recycle waste electrical and electronic equipment.     

Morphology and electrical conductivity of PACS

Polyaluminium chlorides with sulfate ion(PACS) were prepared by using AlCl3· 6H2O, Al(SO4 )3· 18H2O and Na2CO3 as raw materials. The effects of basicity (r), Al3 +/SO42- molar ratio and aging time on the morphology of PACS were observed by transmission electrical microscope. The influence of aging time on charge neutralization and coagulation effect of PACS was studied.The effects of basicity (r), Al3+/SO42- molar ratio and aging time on the electrical conductivity of PACS solution were also investigated. The experimental results show that the degree of polymerization of polyaluminium chloride(PAC) increases when SO42-ion is added. The higher the basicity(r) and the longer the aging time, the larger the size of polymer PACS. The ability of PACS neutralizing the charge on Kaolinite decreases with the increase of aging time. The electrical conductivity of PACS solution (the concentration of Al3+ ion is 0.18 mol/L) with different aging time is the function of the basicity and Al3 +/SO42- molar ratios and has its maximum at r = 0.5 and Al3+/SO42- = 12.