硫铁填料和微电流强化再生水脱氮除磷的研究

为提高再生水质量,在不同C/N和HRT条件下,对比分析硫铁复合填料和微电流作用强化再生水深度脱氮除磷效果.结果表明,硫铁复合填料和微电流作用均能够强化氮、磷的深度去除效果,且二者结合能够使反硝化系统pH值稳定在7.2~8.5之间.系统中TN主要靠异养反硝化、氢自养反硝化和硫自养反硝化作用去除,94.04%的TP是以生成磷酸铁沉淀的形式去除.分别从填料上取生物膜,进行Miseq高通量测序,构建细菌16S rRNA基因克隆文库.结果发现,在仅有海绵铁作用系统中,同时具有异养反硝化和氢自养反硝化功能的细菌所占比例达到29.47%;硫铁复合填料和硫铁微电流作用系统中,具有硫自养反硝化功能的Thiobacillus(硫杆菌属)所占比例分别达到60.47%和40.62%.因此,硫铁复合填料和微电流作用用于强化再生水深度脱氮除磷具有明显的优势.     

基于包扎法的石化乙烯装置挥发性有机物排放特征

装置泄露是石油炼化生产过程中重要的挥发性有机物(VOCs)无组织排放源.基于动态吹扫包扎法采样和预浓缩­­-GC/MS分析方法,对我国南方某石化企业乙烯生产过程中裂解装置的压缩、分离系统及芳烃抽提装置的泄漏组件进行了VOCs排放特征研究.结果表明:烷烃(49.7%~82.4%)含量最高,其次是烯烃(3.2%~35.7%)和芳香烃(5.5%~14.4%); 2-甲基戊烷、甲基环己烷、3-甲基己烷及2,3-二甲基丁烷在整个乙烯生产中都有重要比重.乙烯和反-2-丁烯是裂解装置的重要标志,而苯和甲苯是芳烃抽提装置的重要标志;臭氧生成潜势主要来自于烯烃,尤其是乙烯的贡献率最大,占总烯烃贡献的47.0%~73.0%.参考美国环保局推荐的Method-21,计算了轻液介质阀门的排放速率,获得其泄露排放速率与泄露浓度之间的定量关系为y=3×10^-7x^0.993(R²=0.788).     

Criteria and indicators for a bioenergy production industry identified via stakeholder participation

As bioenergy production expands and new bioenergy-based technologies emerge, there is a growing concern regarding the sustainability of their ecological and socioeconomic impacts. Comprehensive sustainability assessments are needed to address this concern and to assure that the development of the bioenergy industry meets sustainability goals. Most sustainability assessments for bioenergy are expert-driven, broad, and largely motivated by an interest in optimizing international trade in bioenergy. As a result, social and cultural sustainability targets are vague or underdeveloped. In this study, we developed a sustainability assessment for a regional bioenergy production industry in Upper Michigan, using stakeholder participation. Semi-structured interviews and focus group meetings were used to elicit participants’ concerns and opinion. These concerns were translated into sustainability Criteria and Indicators (C&Is), many of which could be supported with available science. Some of the C&Is identified by participants were unique to the region. Sustainability C&Is were broadly categorized into economic (C = 5; I = 22), environmental (C = 6; I = 12), social (C = 3; I = 9), policy and regulations (C = 3; I = 13), and institutional capacity (C = 4; I = 13). While participants could identify indicators for most of the criteria (many of which are also supported by existing literature), further research and validation will be necessary to identify measurable, practical, and bias-free indicators for all criteria.     

Fe-Mn-sepiolite as an effective heterogeneous Fenton-like catalyst for the decolorization of reactive brilliant blue

A study of the decolorization of reactive brilliant blue in an aqueous solution using Fe-Mn-sepiolite as a heterogeneous Fenton-like catalyst has been performed. The Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra of the catalyst showed bending vibrations of the Fe-O. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns of the catalyst showed characteristic diffraction peaks of α-Fe₂O₃, γ-Fe₂O₃ and MnO. A four factor central composite design (CCD) coupled with response surface methodology (RSM) was applied to evaluate and optimize the important variables (catalyst addition, hydrogen peroxide dosage, initial pH value and initial dye concentration). When the reaction conditions were catalyst dosage= 0.4 g, [H₂O₂]= 0.3 mL, pH= 2.5, [reactive brilliant blue]_o = 50 mg·L⁻¹, and volume of solution= 500 mL at room temperature, the decolorization efficiency of reactive brilliant blue was 91.98% within 60 min. Moreover, the Fe-Mn-sepiolite catalyst had good stability for the degradation of reactive brilliant blue even after six cycles. Leaching of iron ions (<0.4 mg·L⁻¹) was observed. The decoloring process was reactive brilliant blue specific via a redox reaction. The benzene ring and naphthalene ring were first oxidized to open ring; these were then oxidized to the alcohol and carboxylic acid. The reactive brilliant blue was decomposed mainly by the attack of ·OH radicals including surface-bound ·OH radicals generated on the catalyst surface.     

中国区域HCFC-142b排放量模式反演研究

利用拉格朗日粒子扩散模式FLEXPART结合上甸子区域本底站在线观测HCFC-142b数据,采取自上而下的反演方法,估算了2009和2010年中国HCFC-142b的排放量分别为10.82kt/a和15.42kt/a,分别占全球HCFC-142b排放量的29.7%和45.8%.反演HCFC-142b排放量的空间分布结果显示其排放源主要集中在京津冀、四川、山东西部以及长江中下游地区,与相关研究中自下而上方法获得的排放量分布一致.模式反演源较先验源更接近观测数据,2009年相关系数从0.38提高到0.47,2010年相关系数则从0.60提高到0.65.     

晋江流域污染负荷空间分布及关键源区识别

提出了利用水文和水质同步监测资料计算流域污染负荷空间分布的一般程序,并探讨了采用污染负荷贡献与集水区面积占比关系识别流域污染关键源区的方法,并在晋江流域进行了实例应用.结果表明:晋江下游取水口金鸡断面污染负荷主要来自东溪和西溪,枯水期CODMn、NH3-N和TP负荷分别是226.8、27.1和17.1g/s,占丰、平水期的18%~67%.丰、枯水期东溪和西溪对金鸡断面污染负荷贡献基本相当,而平水期西溪贡献显著大于东溪.晋江流域污染关键源区分别为蓬壶-长厅桥区间、长厅桥-港龙区间、横口-园美区间等5个断面区间,该关键源区识别方法不仅较好反映了污染物浓度和污染负荷在流域内的空间分布,同时还指出了主要污染物及敏感时期,可为后期的污染治理提供依据.本研究提出的污染负荷贡献计算程序以及关键源区识别方法具有较好的普适性,可为其他流域提供借鉴.     

蠡湖表层沉积物中磷的形态与赋存特征及其生物有效性

采用连续分级提取法研究了蠡湖表层沉积物中有机磷和无机磷的形态及其赋存特征,同时结合间隙水体中DTP(溶解性总磷)的空间分布特征,讨论了各形态磷的生物有效性及其释放风险. 结果表明,蠡湖沉积物中的磷以IP(无机磷)为主,w(IP)占w(TP)的58.09%. IP中以生物可利用性差的Ca-P_i(Ca结合态无机磷)占优势,w(Ca-P_i)为(207.75±48.56)mg/kg,占w(IP)的48.97%;沉积物OP(有机磷)中以活性最差的NA-P_o(非活性有机磷)占绝对优势,w(NA-P_o)为(195.33±50.73)mg/kg,占w(OP)的67.09%. 间隙水中的磷以DIP(溶解性无机磷)为主,ρ(DIP)占ρ(DTP)的11.86%~86.13%,平均值为59.65%. WA-P_i(弱吸附态无机磷)、PA-P_i(潜在活性无机磷)、Fe/Al-P_i(Fe/Al结合态无机磷)、WA-P_o(弱吸附态有机磷)、PA-P_o(潜在活性有机磷)的质量分数均与间隙水中ρ(DTP)呈极显著正相关(P<0.01),w(Ca-P_i)与间隙水中ρ(DTP)呈正相关(P<0.05),w(NA-P_o)与间隙水中ρ(DTP)无显著的相关性. 因此,即使在外源磷得到有效控制的情况下,沉积物中的IP及高活性有机磷的释放仍有可能导致湖泊富营养化状态维持不变.      

市政建设项目危险源评价方法研究与应用

在市政建设行业的安全管理中,危险源辨识与评价一直处于非常重要的地位。本文比较了目前较常用的 LEC 评价法和 MES 评价法优缺点,借鉴 MLEC 评价法相关知识,得出危险源辨识难易程度及防护措施的不同对评价结果的影响,并利用评价得出的危险源危险性以及规范的防护措施来保障市政建设项目的施工安全。     

大跨度暗挖地铁车站台阶法施工沉降特点研究

以青岛某地铁车站工程为背景,针对大跨度地铁车站主体隧道台阶法施工,利用M IDAS／GTS仿真数值模拟软件对不同台阶数量的开挖方案进行模拟研究,并结合工程现场监测数据,经过对比分析得出基于坚硬岩石地层条件下大跨度地铁车站台阶法施工沉降特点,从地表沉降控制的角度提出合理的台阶数量,为类似工程的开挖方案设计与施工沉降控制提供参考依据。     

基于热风险理论对道化学评价中物质系数的研究

随着本质安全研究的深入,道化学评价方法中物质系数MF的计算已不能准确描述反应物本身的热风险大小。在道化学评价方法中引入热风险概念,比较热危险性评价方法和道化学评价方法间相异点;以六甲基磷酰三胺工艺为研究对象,用DSC量热仪对反应物进行分析得出放热速率q、反应波峰峰值、单位质量的反应焓Hr,对采集的工艺参数用热力学理论外推法、基因贡献法得出活化能E、比热容CP并以此求出最大反应失效时间TMRad、绝热温升Qad、物质系数MF值以及工艺单元中物料量。得出最大反应失效时间与物质系数MF间具有相关性,道化学评价方法对因失效反应引发二次反应的热风险评估也适用。