电子废弃物管理立法研究

我国是世界上最大的家用电器生产和消费国之一，如今面临着越来越严重的电子废弃物处理的压力。而我国电子废弃物管理方面还存在着思想障碍、体制障碍、机制障碍、政策障碍以及法制障碍等问题，急需立法给予解决。我国电子废弃物管理立法应当着重建立如下法律制度：电子废弃物的管理体制制度、生产者责任延伸制度、押金制度、产品成分标识制度、新鲜材料税或垃圾填埋税等税收制度、资源价格制度、电子废弃物中介组织和服务制度、电子废弃物的科技支撑和示范制度、绿色消费和绿色采购制度。     

美国电子废弃物资源化产业现状分析

近几年，随着人们对电子废弃物认识的深入以及环保意识的提高，电子废弃物资源化产业得到了迅速发展。在美国已成为一项新兴产业。概括性总结了美国电子废弃物资源化产业的经济规模、生产规模、产业结构、工艺技术、产业发展背景以及相关法律法规，为我国电子废弃物资源化发展提供借鉴。     

电子产品的环境应力筛选与环境试验简析

从若干方面对比分析了环境应力筛选与环境试验的主要区别，澄清了实际工作中存在的一些模糊认识。     

环境保护公信体系构架和建设的探索

本文对环境保护的公信体系建设进行了探索。首先，对环境保护公信体系的概念作出了解释；其次，对环境保护公信体系的建设内容、建设框架做出了思考；最后，在对环境保护公信体系的建设方法方面，结合电子政务系统的优势，探索了建立电子环境保护公信体系平台的可能性。     

电子垃圾拆解区及其周边大气中得克隆的污染和呼吸暴露研究

添加型高氯代阻燃剂得克隆(dechlorane plus,DP)因为在环境中表现出普遍存在性、持久性、生物富集性、长距离迁移性和毒性,近年来迅速引起各国环境科学家的关注和重视。DP广泛应用于电线电缆等电子产品塑料中,粗放式电子垃圾拆解活动已被证实是环境中DP的重要污染来源之一。为探讨电子垃圾拆解区及其周边地区大气中DP的污染特征、呼吸暴露剂量和影响因素,对典型电子垃圾拆解区贵屿(GY)及其周边地区陈店(CD)和对照市区(广州市天河区,TH)进行大气采样和DP分析,并运用Monte Carlo模拟计算其日呼吸摄入剂量,同时对暴露参数进行了灵敏度分析。结果表明:受当地粗放式电子垃圾拆解活动的影响,GY大气中的DP平均浓度(范围)高达(1 119±1 021)pg·m-3(410~3 381 pg·m-3),远高于CD(52.2±30.2,20.9~102 pg·m-3)和TH(5.04±2.73,0.967~9.43 pg·m-3);受GY大气污染扩散迁移的影响,CD大气中的DP浓度也显著高于TH(t-test,P=0.006);GY大气中反式DP的比例(fanti)与DP商业品(fanti=0.70)无显著差异(t-test,P=0.08),这与其存在本地排放源一致,而TH大气中的fanti显著低于DP商业品(t-test,P=0.000);3个地区居民的DP日均呼吸摄入剂量(pg·kg-1·d-1)分别为:GY成人1 888,儿童1 912;CD成人60.9,儿童62.8;TH成人5.16,儿童5.25;呼吸速率是DP日呼吸摄入剂量的主要贡献因子,其次为大气中的DP浓度和体重,体重对于儿童的影响远高于成人。上述研究结果表明GY及其周边地区居民均处于较高DP呼吸暴露风险中。     

Determination of metals in printed wiring boards of waste mobile phones

Metal contents of waste mobile phones represent a major environmental risk, especially considering the adoption of inappropriate management options in developing countries including open burning and disposal into surface water bodies. In this study the metal contents of mobile phone printed wiring board (PWB) samples were assessed. Sixty-two waste mobile phones of 15 brands were collected, dismantled, and their PWB samples were analyzed for Cu, Pb, Ag and Cd. The metal concentrations in the samples varied widely between and within brands. Among these metals, Cu and Pb were found to be at very high concentrations. The range (mean?±?SD) of Cu and Pb concentrations were 94.1–532?g?kg^?1 (250?±?92.3?g?kg^?1) and 7.0–46.2?g?kg^?1 (20.1?±?8.4?g?kg^?1), respectively. All Cu and Pb concentrations exceeded toxicity threshold limit concentration (TTLC) regulatory limits used in characterizing wastes as hazardous in the state of California, USA. The mean Cu and Pb concentrations exceeded the corresponding TTLC limits by factors of 100 and 20, respectively. The Ag and Cd concentrations were in the range 59.4–759?mg?kg^?1 (mean 227?±?104?mg?kg^?1) and ND – 15.6?mg?kg^?1 (2.1?±?3.3?mg?kg^?1), respectively.     

1,2-二氯乙烷自然衰减过程中模拟饱和含水层的氧化还原条件变化

为研究自然条件下饱和含水层中1,2-DCA(1,2-二氯乙烷)的自然衰减过程及该过程中含水层氧化还原环境的变化特征,利用室内连续水流土柱模拟饱和含水层,研究生物降解作用对1,2-DCA自然衰减的贡献以及饱和含水层环境条件的动态变化规律. 初始ρ(1,2-DCA)为50 mg/L,模拟地下水流速为450 μL/min,模拟试验连续进行30 d,分别监测ρ(1,2-DCA)和水环境指标. 结果表明,1,2-DCA自然衰减的一级速率常数为0.068 9 d-1,其中生物降解作用的贡献率为6.34%. 1,2-DCA自然衰减过程中,NO₃-首先充当生物降解的电子受体,随后Fe3+、SO₄2-依次发生反应,土柱内部不同高度出现了氧化还原分带,分别是硫酸盐还原带、铁盐还原带、硝酸盐还原带.      

Fate of metals contained in waste electrical and electronic equipment in a municipal waste treatment process

In Japan, waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) that is not covered by the recycling laws are treated as municipal solid waste. A part of common metals are recovered during the treatment; however, other metals are rarely recovered and their destinations are not clear. This study investigated the distribution ratios and substance flows of 55 metals contained in WEEE during municipal waste treatment using shredding and separation techniques at a Japanese municipal waste treatment plant. The results revealed that more than half of Cu and most of Al contained in WEEE end up in landfills or dissipate under the current municipal waste treatment system. Among the other metals contained in WEEE, at least 70% of the mass was distributed to the small-grain fraction through the shredding and separation and is to be landfilled. Most kinds of metals were concentrated several fold in the small-grain fraction through the process and therefore the small-grain fraction may be a next target for recovery of metals in terms of both metal content and amount. Separate collection and pre-sorting of small digital products can work as effective way for reducing precious metals and less common metals to be landfilled to some extent; however, much of the total masses of those metals would still end up in landfills and it is also important to consider how to recover and utilize metals contained in other WEEE such as audio/video equipment.     

废手机面板焚烧产物研究

以废手机面板为试验材料,利用热重分析仪(TGA)研究热处理失重特征,同时利用气相色谱仪-质谱仪联用(GC-MS)对管式炉试验系统焚烧产物进行分析. 结果表明:废手机面板焚烧失重温度为128.3～558.1 ℃,最大失重温度为357.4 ℃;焚烧废手机面板导致面板组成材料液晶、偏光片和取向剂等发生化学反应,焚烧产物除CO₂外,还含有醛、酮、联苯酚、苯胺等芳香族化合物和少量的苯并吡喃、萘、菲、吡啶等多环芳烃(PAHs). 由于焚烧产物中绝大多数是有毒有害物质,部分可致癌,故废手机面板不宜焚烧处理,如与其他固体废物混合焚烧,必须采取相应的污染控制措施.      

Electronic labelling in recycling of manufactured articles

The concept of a recycling system aiming at the recovery of resources from manufactured articles is proposed. The system integrates electronic labels for product identification and internet for global data exchange. A prototype for the recycling of electric motors has been developed, which implements a condition-based recycling decision system to automatically select the environmentally and economically appropriate recycling strategy, thereby opening a potential market for second-hand motors and creating a profitable recycling process itself. The project has been designed to evaluate the feasibility of electronic identification applied on a large number of motors and to validate the system in real field conditions.