A new market instrument for sustainable economic and environmental development

The regenerative capacity of ecosystems provides a regulatory basis for sustainable economic growth and development. A natural valuation of an ecosystem's services will arise in a market for developmental rights in the ecosystem using a unit of tradable 'right': E-Scrip. The amount of e-scrip needed for a development may be set by Environmental Assessment. The capacity of the ecosystem to regenerate with developmental pressure may be represented by an independent trader or Factor Proxy for the Environment who provides e-scrip to the market.     

垃圾渗滤液中微塑料分析的消解方法评价

微塑料(MPs)是近年来国内外关注度极高的新兴污染物,建立实际环境样品中MPs的分析方法是开展相关研究的基础。对于复杂污水样品而言,样品的消解过程至关重要,将极大地影响MPs的准确分析。选择垃圾渗滤液为典型复杂污水样品,采用样品浊度和色度变化、残余悬浮固体量、MPs在颗粒物中的占比为评价指标,对盐酸消解、30%过氧化氢消解及芬顿试剂消解3种常用消解方法的消解效果进行了比较。结果表明,30%过氧化氢对垃圾渗滤液样品的消解效果最佳,MPs在全部颗粒物中的占比达63.7%,极大地缩减了后续MPs定性分析的时间,降低了分析难度,且对渗滤液中MPs的回收率也高达(103±3)%。在此基础上,讨论了消解效果与过氧化氢投加量/样品浊度(V_H2O2/T₁)的关系。当V_H2O2/T₁为0.15～0.20 mL/NTU时,样品残余悬浮固体量最低,消解效果最佳。     

The underutilization of street markets as a source of food security indicators in famine early warning systems: a case study of Ethiopia

Famine Early Warning Systems (EWS) are reliant on data aggregated from multiple sources. Consequently, they are often insensitive to localized changes in food security status, leading to delayed response or interventions. While price and infrastructural data are often gathered, this case study suggests that local street markets and vendor knowledge are underutilized. Few efforts have been made to monitor systematically the street markets as an indicator of local stressors. Findings from Ethiopia show that knowledge generated by expanding food security indicators in this sector can be used in combination with EWS to facilitate earlier intervention in, or to monitor more effectively, on-going humanitarian crises. Indicators developed from this study are accurate, cost effective, and sensitive to local climatic and food stressors.     

欧美新污染物监测进展及启示

新污染物监测是新污染物环境和健康风险评估及管控的重要基础。欧美发达国家环保部门在20世纪70年代就开展了新污染物监测工作,并且2000年后形成了相应的监测制度,而我国新污染物监测工作正处于业务化起步阶段。通过深入调研欧美国家水中新污染物监测为主的发展历程、监测清单、监测要求等内容,总结出3个特点:建立动态更新的新污染物清单监测机制;将规范的新污染物监测方法作为开展监测的重要前提;充分考虑监测可行性和经济成本。结合我国现阶段新污染物监管需求及监测现状,提出我国新污染物监测工作的3点建议:明晰国家、地方新污染物监测的职责分工,建立优先监测新污染物清单动态更新机制;加强新污染物监测能力建设,建立新污染物监测标准体系;循序渐进开展新污染物监测,注重监测的可行性和可持续性。     

Lagrangian Sampling for Emerging Contaminants Through an Urban Stream Corridor in Colorado1

Abstract: Recent national concerns regarding the environmental occurrence of emerging contaminants (ECs) have catalyzed a series of recent studies. Many ECs are released into the environment through discharges from wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) and other sources. In 2005, the U.S. Geological Survey and the City of Longmont initiated an investigation of selected ECs in a 13.8‐km reach of St. Vrain Creek, Colorado. Seven sites were sampled for ECs following a Lagrangian design; sites were located upstream, downstream, and in the outfall of the Longmont WWTP, and at the mouths of two tributaries, Left Hand Creek and Boulder Creek (which is influenced by multiple WWTP outfalls). Samples for 61 ECs in 16 chemical use categories were analyzed and 36 were detected in one or more samples. Of these, 16 have known or suspected endocrine‐disrupting potential. At and downstream from the WWTP outfall, detergent metabolites, fire retardants, and steroids were detected at the highest concentrations, which commonly exceeded 1 μg/l in 2005 and 2 μg/l in 2006. Most individual ECs were measured at concentrations less than 2 μg/l. The results indicate that outfalls from WWTPs are the largest but may not be the sole source of ECs in St. Vrain Creek. In 2005, high discharge was associated with fewer EC detections, lower total EC concentrations, and smaller EC loads in St. Vrain Creek and its tributaries as compared with 2006. EC behavior differed by individual compound, and some differences between sites could be attributed to analytical variability or to other factors such as physical or chemical characteristics or distance from contributing sources. Loads of some ECs, such as diethoxynonylphenol, accumulated or attenuated depending on location, discharge, and distance downstream from the WWTP, whereas others, such as bisphenol A, were largely conservative. The extent to which ECs in St. Vrain Creek affect native fish species and macroinvertebrate communities is unknown, but recent studies have shown that fish respond to very low concentrations of ECs, and further study on the fate and transport of these contaminants in the aquatic environment is warranted.     

新工科背景下安全工程学科建设发展研究

为促使我国高校安全工程专业教育能够有效应对新一轮的科技、产业变革,在新工科建设背景下探索安全工程专业学科建设发展的新思路。首先,分析现阶段安全工程专业的学科特点、定位其研究领域,结合新工科建设的发展要求确立安全工程学科建设的发展方向;然后通过整合、增设、升级等措施优化课程设置,运用新兴多媒体、大数据、虚拟现实等技术,构建智能化的课堂教学体系;最后,通过优化资源配置、建立教师队伍建设长效机制等措施,改进人才培养机制。研究表明:新工科建设对当前安全工程专业的发展和转型有重要的指导作用;改进的安全工程专业教学体系和人才培养机制满足当前的社会需求,符合未来的发展趋势。     

高铁酸钾氧化降解新兴有机污染物的研究进展

新兴有机污染物在传统的污水处理厂处理过程中难以完全去除,如果进入到水环境中,不仅影响水质,而且对水生态系统和人类健康具有潜在的风险.高铁酸钾在水处理领域被称为环境友好型的多功能水处理剂,其氧化降解新兴有机污染物的研究备受关注.本文详细介绍了高铁酸钾的结构和性质,重点论述了高铁酸钾与新兴有机污染物的反应机制,如:化学反应动力学、线性自由能关系、反应副产物及其毒性变化,并对未来的研究方向与发展趋势进行了展望.     

非靶标技术在新污染物识别中的应用

受人类活动的影响,来自工农业生产和生活活动等方面的化学品不断进入环境,加之各类生物和非生物转化时有发生,导致环境中存在多种污染物及复杂的转化产物.全面认识样品中的污染物是进行环境健康风险评价的前提.然而,大量的未知结构、复杂的环境基质以及低环境赋存浓度都为厘清污染物暴露带来了挑战,亟需发展高灵敏度的未知污染物识别技术.非靶标分析(nontarget analysis,NTA)作为一种新的分析手段,可以在化合物信息未知的情况下对复杂基质中的有机物进行识别,有助于最大限度揭示环境样品中存在的污染物,为风险评价奠定基础.本文回顾了非靶标技术在新污染物识别中的应用,从样品前处理、数据采集和数据处理三方面对目前使用的不同方法及策略进行讨论,讨论了各方法的优劣及适用范围,并提出了当前存在的问题及未来发展方向.     

河岸过滤系统中新污染物的生物降解机制研究进展

新污染物,包括持久性有机污染物、内分泌干扰物、抗生素、微塑料等在水生环境中广泛赋存,虽然其浓度处于痕量水平,但仍对水质安全和人类健康构成了重大威胁.岸滤系统作为改善饮用水水质的预处理工艺,具有自然、可靠、运行成本低等优点,已被证明能够有效降低河流水源水中新污染物的浓度.本文系统回顾了典型新污染物的研究现状,包括其来源、命运、降解转化机制以及与周围环境的相互作用机制, 阐述了河岸过滤系统中新污染物的主要降解机制,并详细介绍了作为主要去除机制的生物降解途径,对其主要去除机理及影响生物降解的 主要因素进行了概括、总结,并在此基础上提出生物降解新污染物的研究方向,这对全球饮用水厂规划未来的处理策略具有重要意义.