黑臭水体综合整治案例分析——以海口市美舍河为例

阐述了海口市的母亲河——美舍河黑臭的主要原因以及整治工程措施,总结了黑臭水体治理的成效。由于市政基础设施薄弱,美舍河沿线存在生活污水直排,雨污错接、混接,合流溢流污染等情况,导致水体常年黑臭。自2015年以来海口市以流域为单元,遵循海绵城市、生态河道的先进理念,按照控源截污、内源治理、生态修复三步走原则,对美舍河开展黑臭水体整治。在控源截污方面,新建合流制排放管、布设截污管道共7.2 km,一体化污水处理设施3个,增加污水处理量7 500 m³/d;内源治理方面,采用挖掘机和绞吸清淤船配合的清淤方式清除污染底泥;生态修复方面,采用环境修复剂对底质进行改良,种植沉水植被36万m²,建设1.0 m×22 m橡胶坝2座,全水域投放水生态修复剂等。此外,美舍河采用梯级潜流人工湿地技术,在增强处理效果的同时,营造出良好的景观。通过上述综合整治,美舍河于2017年消除黑臭。     

浑河流域鱼类群落特征及其与环境因子的关系

流域水生态调查是对受损的流域水生态系统进行恢复的基础。以浑河流域为例,对全流域62个采样点的鱼类群落进行调查。共采集并鉴定出鱼类34种,隶属于7目10科29属。其中,鲤科鱼类个体数占比最高(88.5%),鳅科次之(6.7%)。依据鱼类群落组成的相似性,利用聚类分析将62个采样点分为3组：组Ⅰ主要分布于浑河上游;组Ⅱ主要分布于浑河中游的各支流;组Ⅲ主要分布于浑河中下游的干流及各支流。指示物种分析结果显示：组Ⅰ指示物种为洛氏鱥、北方条鳅、北方花鳅和中华多刺鱼;组Ⅱ指示物种主要为鲫、麦穗、宽鳍鱲等中度耐污种;组Ⅲ指示物种为餐条。典型对应分析(canonical correspondence analysis,CCA)结果表明：影响浑河流域鱼类群落结构的主要环境因子为海拔、河流等级、悬浮物(SS)浓度、森林用地比例、农业用地比例和总溶解性固体(TDS)浓度。     

白洋淀水环境容量核算及上游容量分配

根据多年的水质监测资料、设计水文条件及水质目标等参数,在划分容量分配控制单元的基础上,运用浅水湖泊污染物水环境容量计算方法计算了COD_Cr和NH₃-N的环境容量,并给出了体现社会性、经济性的水环境容量分配方案,采用基尼系数法对分配方案进行公平性评估。结果表明,白洋淀南刘庄、烧车淀、采蒲台各区域的COD_Cr容量分别为2 526.8,328.5和1 430.8 t/a;NH₃-N容量为155.0,73.0和255.5 t/a。白洋淀上游各控制单元指标的基尼系数值均小于0.4,分配结果较为合理。     

中国环境质量拐点:基于EKC的实证判断

促进环境质量改善是"十三五"时期实现绿色发展和最终全面建成小康社会的重要目标和任务。随着经济进入新常态和环境治理政策的强势推进,中国环境质量是否已经跨越峰值和进入持续改善的通道?本文基于环境库兹涅茨曲线这一理论工具,依据环境统计数据和国际经验事实判断中国是否到达环境库兹涅茨曲线的拐点和具备促使环境质量持续改善的经济特征。首先,应用中国各省份1998—2013年的面板数据,对人均收入水平与主要大气污染物排放的关系进行回归拟合发现,人均烟粉尘排放自1998年以来持续下降,人均二氧化硫、氮氧化物排放均在"十二五"中前期到达峰值。大部分东部省份已经越过环境库兹涅茨曲线的拐点,但环境质量改善仍然缓慢。多数中部省份处于峰值阶段,而西部省份大都处于经济增长与环境质量恶化的矛盾阶段。其次,基于污染物排放的驱动因素框架,将中国当前的经济特征与美、日、韩三国跨越环境库兹涅茨曲线拐点的经验进行比较,结论表明中国目前已基本具备了跨越环境库兹涅茨曲线拐点的经济驱动条件,但是相对滞后的城镇化进程将会导致污染物排放峰值的扁平化和波动性。以主要污染物排放在2014年的基础上削减30%—40%作为环境质量全面改善的转折点判断,中国环境质量将在2025年左右趋于全面改善。最后,为了促进环境质量全面改善,认为应该根据各地区经济发展与环境污染形势的不同,实施差别化环境治理政策。同时积极防范新一轮城镇化过程中的环境风险,进一步强化区域环境污染的协同治理。     

长江白鱀豚的保护

白鱀豚是我国特有的珍稀淡水哺乳动物,仅分布于长江中下游,目前长江白鱀豚的种群数量仅约200头,濒临灭绝。造成白鱀豚濒危的主要威胁来自长江鱼类资源的减少、有害渔具的广泛使用、航运事业的发展、河道的大规模整治、水电工程的建设、水体污染以及白鱀豚自身的生理特征。通过我们多年的研究,提出了建立半自然白鱀豚保护区、人工饲养下白鱀豚的繁殖,和建立长江白鱀豚自然保护区等三大措施。在各级政府和科研部门的共同努力下,三项措施正在落实,为保护白鱀豚创造了良好的条件,但面临的困难还很多,任务十分艰巨,我们希望开展广泛的国际合作,为保护白鱀豚共同努力。     

阿斯旺高坝的生态环境问题

:通过对阿斯旺高坝和尼罗河的实际考察和生态环境监测数据的分析 ,介绍了埃及政府相关管理部门的官员和专家对阿斯旺工程的看法 ,对阿斯旺高坝及其生态环境问题进行了评述。认为阿斯旺工程是一个成功的工程 ,它对埃及发挥的巨大影响和积极作用是有目共睹的。它对生态环境的不利影响 ,确被很多批评者盲目地夸大了 ,其中也包含有政治因素。中国在修建水利工程时 ,要对环境的影响作出客观、科学的评价 ,并采取措施把不利影响减少到最小。阿斯旺高坝运行近 30年 ,在生态环境监测方面积累了丰富的数据 ,这些成果和结论对三峡工程具有直接的借鉴和参考价值。     

环境安全：21世纪人类面临的根本问题

本文从人类社会的可持续进步和国家的可持续发展两个层面,深层次地分析了环境安全问题的不可替代的重要性,并从理论和实践两个方面得出：第一,我国应将环境安全的保证能力作为综合国力的重要组成部分;第二,应将环境安全观作为指导我国21世纪两大战略-加入WTO和西部大开发的重要方针。     

Prioritization of Sustainable Groundwater Management Needs: The Case of the Israel's Stressed Coastal Aquifer

On-going population growth and resulting domestic demand for water require rapid and effective decision-making as regards groundwater management and control of the various sources of salinization and pollution in Coastal aquifers. Sustainability of water resources for utilization by future generations must therefore be a high priority, not only for the purpose of fulfilling needs for water usage but also for bringing people into harmony with their ambient natural environment.The objective of this paper is to propose an empirical approach for prioritization of the needs involved for sustainable aquifer management. The approach involves a schematic format to:(1) develop a global understanding of an aquifer's hydrological and environmental properties in order to delineate appropriate eco-hydrological scenarios and recommend corresponding operational management activities; and(2) emphasize the importance of educating and increasing the awareness of the population involved as to the need for and viability of socially acceptable measures for sustainable management of groundwater and other resources.The psychologist Abraham Maslow utilized a pyramid to illustrate that until people's most basic needs were fulfilled, higher levels of needs would remain irrelevant. This paper postulates a comparable pyramid prioritizing hydrological needs required for progressing towards sustainable groundwater resources. Two sub-regions of Israel's Coastal aquifer in the Sharon region have been presented as representative areas, each characterized by different stress of exploitation. In assessing these sub-regions situation, specific measures have been recommended for achieving and/or maintaining sustainable groundwater resources in light of the ambient environment, and the level of the population on the pyramidal hierarchy of groundwater needs.     

湘潭锰矿重金属环境安全及植物耐性研究

采集了湘潭锰矿红旗分矿开采区、沙圹村恢复区的代表性当季蔬菜(莴笋叶Fruticicolidae、小白菜Brassica chinensis、香葱Allium schoenoprasum、空心菜Ipomoea aquatica)、废弃区的优势植物(商陆Phytolacca acinosa、野茼蒿Crassocephalum crepidioides、苍耳Xanthium sibiricum)和3个研究区的土壤,通过原子吸收分光光度法分析了Mn、Pb、Zn含量。结果表明:开采区蔬菜Mn含量(8.3~84.5 mg/kg)明显高于恢复区(2.7~55.6 mg/kg),开采区和恢复区蔬菜都明显受到Pb污染(0.6~33mg/kg),蔬菜Zn含量范围为1.9~6.5mg/kg;3个研究区域土壤重金属均明显超标,最严重的是Pb污染(1 993.5~2 213.5mg/kg)。商陆、野茼蒿和苍耳中重金属含量差异较大,对重金属的耐性强,其中商陆表现出最好的耐性与长势。研究结论对锰矿土地合理利用以及矿区土壤重金属治理提供一定的科学依据。     

Forging New Directions in Science and Environmental Politics and Policy: How Can Co-operation, Deliberation and Decision be Brought Together?

Science, politics and environmental policy have for several years been encountering social and institutional as well as scientific challenges, national and international. The normative basis of all sciences is pressurised from three sides: by awareness of the public, who claims more transparency and sensibility from the scientific institutions regarding factual or possible impacts of science-based industrial progress; by the industries, which try to speed up and intensify the industrialisation of knowledge; and by the public policies, which want to see the sciences engaged in ways to mitigate unintended consequences of economic, ecological and social developments. At the same time, environmental policy is undergoing a tremendous sea change both in conceptual and practical matters. Since the Brundtland Report in 1987 and accelerated after UNCED 1992, environmental policy has been struggling to become a groundbreaking new paradigm for the capacity of resolving social and political issues as well. Any successful attempt to alter traditional institutional and mental structures in policy-making toward sustainability presupposes a renewed association of co-operation, deliberation and decision making. Results from theory of democracy, studies in science and technology, and evaluation studies in environmental policy and politics can be utilised for this context.