Prenatal diagnosis of metabolic diseases on chorionic villi obtained before the ninth week of pregnancy

Nine pregnancies at risk for various metabolic disorders were monitored by prenatal diagnosis on chorionic villi obtained between the sixth and ninth weeks of pregnancy. A diagnosis of an affected fetus was made in five cases (Sandhoff, Tay—Sachs (2), Pompe's, GMI), while metachromatic leukodystrophy, GM1 (2), and Pompe's were excluded in four cases. It is concluded that chorionic villi are a reliable tissue for prenatal diagnosis of metabolic disorders also when obtained before the ninth week.     

纳米富勒烯对土壤酶活性和微生物群落的影响

采用室内暗培养试验,研究了纳米富勒烯对土壤呼吸强度、酶活性及微生物结构群落多样性的影响.结果表明,添加纳米富勒烯抑制了土壤呼吸强度(p0.05),较对照处理CO_2累积量降低了1.2%～11.3%.纳米富勒烯显著抑制了土壤脲酶活性(p0.05),与对照相比,降低了19.1%～33.7%,土壤脱氢酶活性整体上表现为随纳米富勒烯添加量增加先增加后降低的趋势.与之相反,添加不同剂量纳米富勒烯整体上提高了土壤碱性磷酸酶活性,但差异不明显(p0.05).利用磷脂脂肪酸(Phospholipid Fatty Acids, PLFAs)分析发现,添加纳米富勒烯(10～500 mg·kg~(-1))后土壤总PLFAs含量较对照降低了3.6%～27.3%,在低剂量(≤50 mg·kg~(-1))纳米富勒烯处理下革兰氏阳性细菌、革兰氏阴性细菌、真菌、细菌含量均有所提升,而当纳米富勒烯剂量达到500 mg·kg~(-1)时,土壤微生物数量在不同程度上受到抑制.土壤微生物生态学指数(Shannon、Simpson和Pielou指数)、聚类分析(Cluster analysis)、主成分分析(Principal component analysis)均显示纳米富勒烯对土壤中微生物群落多样性产生了负面影响.     

胶质芽胞杆菌对印度芥菜根际土壤镉含量及土壤酶活性影响

采用根袋法盆栽试验,研究分别接种活菌量浓度为1×1010CFU.kg-1(处理A)和2×1010CFU.kg-1(处理C)的胶质芽胞杆菌,对根际土壤镉含量和土壤酶活性的影响.结果表明,处理A、C对根际土壤镉的去除率分别达到37.62%、38.27%,是对照(24.47%)的1.54、1.56倍.胶质芽胞杆菌处理后土壤酶活性均有所增强,土壤脲酶、磷酸酶、过氧化氢酶活性在根际土壤大于非根际,随着时间延长土壤磷酸酶活性逐渐升高,脲酶和过氧化氢酶呈现先增高后降低的变化趋势,而脱氢酶活性在非根际土壤大于根际土壤,也呈现先增高后降低的变化趋势.对照组及处理A、C组中根际Cd含量与土壤磷酸酶、脲酶呈现显著或极显著负相关.研究表明,施入胶质芽胞杆菌不仅可以提高超富集植物对土壤Cd的净化效果而且对土壤脲酶、磷酸酶、过氧化氢酶及脱氢酶均有一定的积极作用,其结果可为该菌辅助植物修复镉污染土壤的机制性研究提供理论指导.     

亚致死剂量铜对蚯蚓P450酶和抗氧化酶活性的长期影响

以赤子爱胜蚓(Eiseniafetida)为供试生物,通过人工污染草甸棕壤的方法,研究了暴露于含有亚致死剂量Cu(100、200、300、400mg·kg-1)的土壤中8周时间内蚯蚓体内细胞色素P450含量、谷胱甘肽转移酶(GST)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)及过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性的变化.结果显示,各指标在暴露1周时均无显著变化,但在第8周时各指标均受到显著抑制.P450含量在100mg·kg-1剂量水平下暴露2周时表现出显著的诱导效应;GST、SOD和CAT活性则均在第3周开始表现出显著的诱导效应,且SOD和CAT在100mg·kg-1剂量下即出现诱导现象,而GST则在200mg·kg-1剂量下显现诱导现象.暴露时间大于4周时,P450含量及GST活性开始表现出抑制效应,SOD及CAT活性则在暴露大于6周后显现抑制效应.以上指标对污染物的响应模式为:无显著变化→诱导→抑制.铜是蚯蚓生长的必需元素,蚯蚓自身对Cu的适应机制,以及对铜的长期摄取能危害蚯蚓正常代谢可解释上述响应模式产生的原因.但各指标在对毒性的响应敏感性上存在差异,其中,P450响应最为敏感,而SOD、CAT最不敏感.因此,在生态毒性诊断时,应选择不同指标作为一套指标体系相互补充,以增强污染诊断的灵敏性及长期诊断性.     

Possibility of prenatal diagnosis of hereditary triose phosphate isomerase deficiency

Prenatal diagnosis has been performed on umbilical cord blood of an 18 weeks fetus of heterozygous triosephosphate isomerase (TPI) deficient parents. After excluding maternal blood contamination, TPI activity was measured and found to be 60 per cent of the normal mean whereas the value of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity was in the normal range of fetal blood. In addition, the analysis of the characteristics of fetal TPI, i.e. K_m measurements for glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate, heat stability tests and electrophoretic studies, did not show any evidence of a special form of TPI in fetal blood. These results were consistent with the heterozygous state and were confirmed at birth.     

外生菌根真菌Xerocomus chrysenteron对DDT胁迫的耐受性及酶响应研究

在纯培养条件下,研究了外生菌根真菌红绒盖牛肝菌(Xerocomus chrysenteron)对不同浓度DDT的生长效应、耐受性和氧化酶活性,测定了在DDT浓度为80.0 mg·L^-1液体培养条件下菌种生物量积累和漆酶活性随培养时间的变化. 结果表明,不同浓度DDT处理并不会改变被试菌种的生长模式,所有处理组均为典型的Logistic增长;Xerocomus chrysenteron对DDT胁迫有很好的耐受性,其半抑制浓度可达139.75 mg·L^-1;在80.0 mg·L^-1液体培养条件下,Xerocomus chrysenteron生长正常,且36 d后培养液中DDT残留率仅为初始添加量的3.5%;在高浓度DDT胁迫下,被试菌种的漆酶和过氧化物酶活性显著增强,但液体培养条件下漆酶从第16 d开始出现,36 d后培养液中漆酶活性和比活力分别达到107.24 U·L^-1和61.77 U·g-1.外生菌根真菌Xerocomus chrysenteron通过不同方式来响应DDT胁迫,显示出生物降解甚至矿化DDT的巨大潜力.     

Antioxidant enzymatic activities and lipid peroxidation in liver and ovary of zebrafish (Danio rerio) exposed to deltamethrin

Deltamethrin (DM) is being used as a substitute for organochlorines and organophosphates in pest control because of its low environmental persistence and toxicity. But it has become an environmental contaminant as it has been used widely. In this study, we investigated the effect of DM (technical grade) on the antioxidant system of adult zebrafish. For this, six-month-old fish were exposed to 2, 4 and 6?μg/L of DM for 96?h. The tissues selected were liver and ovary. Our data showed that exposure to DM increases CAT (catalase), SOD (superoxide dismutase), GPx (glutathione peroxidase, antioxidant enzymes), LPO (lipid peroxidation, non-enzymatic antioxidant) and GST (glutathione S-transferase, detoxifying enzyme) in liver and ovary. Increased GST could detoxify the toxicant; still there could be enough DM to cause oxidative stress. It appears from our study that zebrafish used compensatory mechanisms in eliminating reactive oxygen species. These data will be useful as oxidative stress is being used as a biomarker for aquatic pollution.     

Seed pre-soaking with 24-epibrassinolide reduces the imidacloprid pesticide residues in green pods of Brassica juncea L.

The effect of 24-epibrassinolide seed soaking on imidacloprid residues in green pods and mature seeds of Brassica juncea L. plants was investigated. The activities of the antioxidative enzymes glutathione-S-transferase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase, ascorbate peroxidase and guaiacol peroxidase, and the content of glutathione were determined. Imidacloprid residues in green pods were analyzed and quantified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, revealing that 24-epibrassinolide treatment resulted in a decrease of residues by almost 30%. In mature seeds, no pesticide residues were detected. Activities of all the antioxidative enzymes and glutathione content were found to be high in plants grown in soil amended with 300 mg imidacloprid kg^?1 soil, but pre-soaking with 100 nmol L^?1 24-epibrassinolide further enhanced the activities of all these enzymes and the glutathione content.     

Biomarker responses as indication of contaminant effects in Oreochromis niloticus

The current study investigated oxidative stress parameters (enzymes activities, metallothionein content and lipid peroxidation) in freshwater fish, Oreochromis niloticus, tilapia exposure to Monjolinho River (in 4 months of year: January, April, July and November). One critical site in Monjolinho River (site B) was assessed in comparison to a reference site (site A). Water pH and oxygen concentration was lower than that recommended by CONAMA (Brazilian National Environmental Committee), resolution 357/2005 for protection of aquatic communities, and ammonium and the metals Cu, Zn, Mn and Fe (on all months) concentrations were higher than the maximum concentration recommended. Glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities were significantly decreased in liver and muscle in tilapia from Monjolinho River, throughout the year, in relation to reference except in gills that SOD activity increased. Glutathione S-transferase (GST) activity was significantly increased in liver of the tilapia from Monjolinho River in all sites, in relation to reference except in gills that GST activity increased in July and decreased in November, suggesting that GST activity could be induced to neutralize the pollutants toxicity. On the other hand, GST activity was significantly decreased in white muscle indicating a toxic effect of pollutants, resulting in a decreased ability of tilapia to perform defense reactions associated to GSTs. The decrease of catalase (CAT) activity in gills of the O. niloticus together with the increase of SOD activity, could explain the increased lipid peroxidation (LPO) level in this organ. Metallothionein levels in liver and gills were significantly high in all sites. Results indicate that the exposure to metals caused severe damage to tissues; despite the consensually assumed antioxidant induction as a sign of exposure to contaminants the effects seem in part to be mediated by suppression of antioxidant system with SOD, CAT and GPx as potential candidates for tissues toxicity biomarkers of pollutants.     

初级基质对降解菌Pseudomonasputida共代谢苯扎贝特的影响

通过对3,5-二硝基水杨酸（DNS）法测定还原糖含量各影响因素的筛选,优化确定了显色时间8min,稳定时间10min,最佳波长490nm下进行吸光度测定的检测方法;分析分别以葡萄糖和麦芽糖作为外加碳源时,降解菌Pseudo—monasputidaB-31的生长情况和共代谢降解典型药物苯扎贝特（BZF）的过程。结果表明,降解菌只有在外加碳源的条件下才可正常生长,而且其在葡萄糖环境中生长得更好;拟合得到的葡萄糖、麦芽糖和BZF代谢动力学结果显示,葡萄糖对BZF去除的促进作用更为明显,同时从葡萄糖培养基中降解菌所提取的酶比活力要高于麦芽糖培养基,分析原因可能是葡萄糖所诱导的降解菌关键酶活力更强,而且还可能会产生不同的蛋白质点位。