水样品中汞砷联合测定的研究--氢化物发生原子荧光光谱法

利用氢化物发生-原子荧光分析技术(HG-AFS)对水样品中汞、砷联合测定方法进行了有益的探索.通过一系列条件实验,设定出了合理有效的水样前处理方法、仪器测定条件以及主要试剂的浓度.并对其最低检出下限、精密度和准确度进行了评估,结果表明该方法用于环境水样品中汞、砷元素的同时测定具有很好的可行性和适用性.     

THE EFFECT OF ICE COVER ON VERTICAL TRANSFER IN STREAM CHANNELS1

ABSTRACT: The effect of ice cover on vertical transfer is examined based on the Reynolds' analogy and composite logarithmic velocity distributions. A finite difference scheme is used to predict concentration profiles in a two-dimensional channel. Comparisons made between the ice-covered condition and the ice-free condition show that considerable reduction in mixing capacity of the channel is caused by the ice cover.     

城市快速过境通道衔接节点交通风险耦合致因模型研究

为了定量分析城市快速过境通道衔接节点交通风险致因,基于2010—2017年云南发生的731起城市快速过境通道衔接节点交通事故数据,将运行风险分为人、车、路、环、管5个方面并选取耦合因素;综合使用熵权法、TOPSISI法及N-K模型,构建TOPSIS-N-K耦合度模型度量单因素、双因素及多因素耦合度,并以云南城市快速过境通道衔接节点为例进行分析验证。研究结果表明:强耦合会使风险造成的后果更严重,交通风险随耦合因素增多而升高;2010年以来衔接节点交通风险由无序向有序化发展,安全性逐年提升;风险耦合人的因素中“不良车道变换”与其他要素的耦合通常表现为强耦合,路的因素中“纵坡坡度”与其他要素耦合度较高,应加强人、路因素中车道、纵坡及限速方面规范建设。     

Regimes and critical conditions of detonation propagation in expanding channels in gas suspensions of ultrafine aluminum particles

Under study are the regimes of detonation propagation in channels with linear expansion filled with monodisperse mixtures of oxygen and ultrafine aluminum particles of various loading; the methods of numerical simulations are used. The detonation combustion of submicron aluminum particles is described within the semi-empirical model of reduced kinetics with due regard to the transition from the diffusion-limited regime of combustion to the kinetic one. Waves of both planar and developed cellular detonation are considered as initial conditions. The characteristics of the main flow regimes are obtained and described: the subcritical (detonation failure), critical (detonation failure in some part of the channel) and supercritical (continuous detonation propagation). The maps of flow regimes in suspensions of 200-nm – 400-nm particles are presented in the plane of parameters: the channel width, expansion angle. The obtained critical conditions are similar to those observed in the gas detonation. The critical channel width linearly depends on the expansion angle up to a first critical value (35°–38°). Behind the second critical value (50°), the channel width is independent on the expansion angle. Between these values, there is an interval of nonmonotonicity similar to the detonation of micro-sized suspensions of aluminum particles. The effect of particle loading on the critical conditions in poor mixtures appears in the form of a sharp increase in the critical channel width, if the mass concentration falls below 0.25.     

河北省构建低碳消费模式的法律途径研究

构建低碳消费模式,法律规制十分必要。河北省低碳消费法律规制步伐虽然已启动,但依然面临着缺乏统一法律体系,对企业相应行为规制和保障不力,对消费者低碳消费关注不够以及执法和司法体制不健全等诸多问题。在此背景下,为在河北省构建低碳消费模式,笔者借鉴国外先进做法,提出了在立法层面上构建统一的低碳消费法律体系,将消费者的环境权利和环境义务纳入法律框架;执法层面上完善执法机构,加强执法力度,健全执法机制,加大宣传力度;司法层面上提高认识,完善机构,健全司法程序;社会层面上在政府引导下,要求企业、非政府组织及消费者个人广泛参与的法律对策。     

河套灌区沉积物中抗生素抗性基因的分布研究

抗生素抗性基因(Antibiotic resistance genes, ARGs)作为一种新型污染物已经成为国内外研究的热点.为了探究河套灌区不同排水渠(3N、3S、5N、5S和7N)沉积物中ARGs的分布情况,采用定量PCR测定了沉积物中ARGs、整合酶基因(intⅠ1和intⅡ2)和转座酶基因(tnpA)的丰度.结果表明,36种ARGs中检测到31种,在各样地中均能检测到intⅠ1和tnpA基因,而intⅡ2基因未检测到.在各样地中,tetA、tetS、sulⅠ和aadA1基因丰度较高;在5N样地ereA基因丰度最高,为1.65×10~9 copies·g~(-1);15种ARGs在7N样地与其它样地之间有显著差异,其中,aadA1基因在7N样地丰度最高,为1.37×10~9 copies·g~(-1).氮含量与sulIII、ereB、bla_(ampC)基因丰度显著正相关,而pH与tetX、tetO和tetM基因丰度呈负相关关系.综上所述,抗生素抗性基因广泛存在于河套灌区的沉积物中.     

潮沟对黄河三角洲湿地典型景观格局的影响

为揭示潮沟发育对黄河三角洲典型湿地景观类型空间分布格局的影响,通过对1989-2016年黄河三角洲7期遥感影像进行目视解译,在获取潮沟及湿地景观类型空间分布基础上,通过冗余分析识别影响黄河三角洲典型湿地景观特征的主要潮沟指标。结果表明：光滩面积占比的变化趋势与芦苇（Phragmites australis）、碱蓬（Suaeda salsa）相反;黄河三角洲北部区域湿地景观的斑块密度整体上大于南部,景观破碎化程度相对较高;RDA结果显示前两个排序轴能够解释潮沟发育指标与景观格局指数关系的85.7%,较好地反映了两者的相关关系;潮沟长度、数量、网络连通度和曲率对区域景观格局的影响程度较大;潮沟分维值对景观格局影响程度最小;潮沟长度、数量、分维值与芦苇和碱蓬的面积占比及斑块密度呈负相关关系,与光滩面积占比呈正相关关系。     

光照、流速和水温对大型人工输水渠道自净影响

以南水北调中线总干渠为对象,通过实验室模拟培养测定污染物降解系数,分析了光照、流速和温度对渠道自净能力的影响.结果显示,避光和光照条件下,高锰酸盐指数的降解系数分别为0.026和0.022d^-1,无显著性差异（P>0.05）;氨氮的降解系数分别为0.006和0.012d^-1,差异极显著（P<0.01）.各流速条件下高锰酸盐指数降解系数分别为0.027d^-1（0.2m/s）、0.029d^-1（0.3m/s）、0.029d^-1（0.4m/s）,氨氮降解系数分别为0.014d^-1（0.2m/s）、0.017d^-1（0.3m/s）、0.018d^-1（0.4m/s）,不同流速之间无显著性差异,但均显著高于0m/s实验组（P<0.05）.各温度条件下高锰酸盐指数降解系数分别为0.014d^-1（10℃）、0.018d^-1（15℃）、0.022d^-1（20℃）、0.029d^-1（25℃）和0.031d^-1（30℃）,25~30℃差异不显著（P>0.05）,其他各温度梯度之间均存在显著性差异;氨氮降解系数分别为0.002d^-1（10℃）、0.003d^-1（15℃）、0.010d^-1（20℃）、0.012d^-1（25℃）和0.020d^-1（30℃）,10~15℃、15~20℃和20~25℃差异不显著,其他温度梯度之间均具有显著差异.高锰酸盐指数和氨氮的温度校正系数θ值分别为1.047和1.079.研究结果可为中线工程水质管理提供依据.     

GIS‐Based Stream Classification in a Mountain Watershed for Jurisdictional Evaluation

This study analyzed stream characteristics in a mountain watershed in southwestern Colorado and developed a three‐level hierarchical classification scheme using national datasets to demonstrate jurisdictional evaluation as “waters of the United States (U.S.)” under U.S. Clean Water Act Section 404 at the watershed scale. The National Hydrography Dataset and USGS StreamStats were used with field observations to classify streams in the 53 km² Cement Creek Watershed based on flow duration (Level 1), stream order (Level 2), and other biophysical metrics (Level 3). Kruskal‐Wallis tests and discriminant analysis showed significant differences among Level 2 classes. Level 3 classification used cluster analysis for stream length, distance to the downstream traditional navigable water (TNW), and the ratio of mean annual flow from the source stream to the TNW. Results showed all perennial and intermittent streams are jurisdictional relatively permanent waters (RPWs), which include over a third of all streams, 64% are intermittent or ephemeral, and almost half are ephemeral first order. All ephemeral reaches are non‐RPWs requiring significant nexus evaluation to determine jurisdiction. These ephemeral first‐order streams can contribute 5% of the annual flow to the TNW at the confluence, while the Cement Creek main stem contributes 21% of the TNW flow. The study demonstrated that the classification provides key biophysical and regulatory information to aid jurisdictional evaluations in mountain watersheds.