Dynamic preservation of the coastline in the Netherlands

In 1990, the Government and Parliament of the Netherlands decided on a new national policy for coastal defence. To ensure the enduring safety of the low-lying polders as well as the sustainable preservation of the coastal dunes, it was decided to maintain the coastline in its 1990 position. The main method for coastline preservation in the Netherlands is beach nourishment. Since 1991, approximately 7 million m³ of sand is added to the Dutch beaches annually. From an evaluation study of sand nourishment projects it is concluded that nourishment is an effective and efficient method to preserve the coastline. The evaluation study also proves that nourishment projects should be ‘tailor-made’, taking the local morphological and hydraulic conditions into account. The first results of an experimental shoreface nourishment are discussed. The choice for nourishment as the principal method to combat erosion is well in line with the intention to restore the natural dynamics of the dune-coast in the Netherlands. The key probably is a less strict policy with regard to the maintenance of the foredunes. Plans for the development of typical coastal features such as slufters^*, wash-overs, blow-outs and mobile dunes are currently under discussion. A slufter is a breakthrough in the first dune-ridge whereby the sea invades former dune slacks or beach plains situated behind the duneridge. In this way a tidal marsh is formed within the dune zone.     

Contribution of Pendant Ester Group Hydrolysis to the Erosion of Acrylic Polymers in Binders Aimed at Organotin-Free Antifouling Paints

Specific polymeric material applications as bioactive molecules delivery systems involve a strictly controlled degradation of polymer matrixes. One possibility to obtain a zero-order kinetic for small molecules release consists in a simple hydrolysis of ester groups contained in the macromolecular structure. The chemical degradation can lead to the continuous surface erosion of the formulated resins without loss of their mechanical properties and to a permanent activity of the delivery systems. Hydrolysis is a very well-known reaction in the case of organic molecules containing ester groups. The mechanism seems to be more complicated when ester groups are located in macromolecular structures. With the aim of antifouling applications, acrylic acid polymers bearing lateral ester groups of different chemical structures (hydrophilic, hydrophobic, hydrolyzable) have been prepared, characterized, and immersed in water, at pH 8, and their hydrolysis has been studied. Experimental data display two parameters, at least, which must be taken into account: the reactivity of the ester groups toward hydrolysis and the hydrophilic/hydrophobic balance of the polymer. The susceptibility of the acrylic polymers to hydrolysis has been compared to the erosion characteristics of the corresponding films. The results confirm that hydrolysis is necessary to obtain a regular degradation of the films without loss of mechanical properties. A relationship has been observed between the characteristics of hydrolysis and erosion for each studied polymer.     

酸雨对苏州市文物古建筑的影响初探

近年来，苏州市区酸雨出现频率增加，降水pH值下降，威胁着众多的文物古建筑。因此从苏州现存文物古建筑的五种材质入手，剖析酸雨对文物古建筑的影响，并对国家重点保护文物罗汉院双塔及正殿遗址典型的案例进行了剖析。     

阴山北麓草原生态功能区防风固沙服务受益范围识别

风蚀是北方干旱与半干旱农牧交错带面临的严峻问题。论文以阴山北麓草原生态功能区为例,利用HYSPLIT模型模拟了当地生态系统提供的防风固沙服务流动路径,通过空间插值获得了功能区防风固沙服务的受益范围及其获得效益的相对大小,确定了受益范围内的土地覆被、受益人口及GDP。研究结果显示：1）2010年阴山北麓草原生态功能区的防风固沙服务大部分发生在春季,其流动路径主要往功能区东部和东南部区域延伸;2）防风固沙受益土地面积占全国土地面积的46%,主要位于功能区东部和南部地区;3）功能区受益的人口占当年全国总人口的75%,受益GDP占当年全国GDP总量的67%。未来可以根据受益区获得防风固沙效益的相对大小确定受益区不同区域横向生态付费金额,以补偿当地采取防风固沙措施导致的经济损失和投入,实现地区间公平,促进区域可持续发展。     

AnnAGNPS模型在潋水河流域产水、产沙的模拟评价

日益严重的土壤侵蚀造成了土地退化、水体污染等一系列的环境和生态问题,利用基于过程的数学模型已成为流域土壤侵蚀状况定量评价和控制的有效方法.利用美国农业部开发的流域尺度AnnAGNPS模型,设计了基于地形特征的cell离散方案,在多种地理数据采集和参数化的基础上,对江西兴国潋水河流域1991～2005年的径流、产沙过程进行了分布式计算机模拟.在对产水量进行径流滤波分析的基础上,分别对模型模拟的地表径流和产沙量进行了校正和验证.地表径流模拟结果多年平均相对误差为11.8%,确定性系数R2为0.94,产沙量模拟结果的多年平均相对误差为19.71%,确定性系数R2为0.77.表明AnnAGNPS能较好地模拟潋水流域年、月尺度的地表径流和产沙过程.地下径流模拟结果误差较大,其原因和地下径流模拟模块在潋水流域的适用性有待进一步研究检验.对潋水流域土壤侵蚀定量分析表明,潋水流域的年平均侵蚀模数为1 150.29.t(km2.a)-1,属于轻度侵蚀等级,流域内侵蚀较严重的区域集中分布于居民地附近和公路沿线,其水土流失与人类活动有很大关系.     

嘉陵江流域吸附态非点源污染负荷研究

以美国通用土壤流失方程为基础,通过考虑引起流域土壤流失年际变化的水文条件和土地管理因素及泥沙输移过程的时空差异,提出了能够反映流域泥沙输出量逐年动态变化的估算方法,并以嘉陵江流域为研究对象进行了验证.在此基础上,根据流域吸附态氮磷污染年负荷与年泥沙输出量的相互关系,建立了流域吸附态氮磷污染年负荷模型.基于地理信息技术,应用所建模型,对嘉陵江流域1990～2005年因水土流失产生的吸附态氮磷污染负荷的空间分布进行了模拟和定量研究.结果表明,该流域吸附态氮磷流失较严重的地区主要分布在上游的白龙江和西汉水子流域;近年来,由于流域水土流失治理工作的进展,吸附态氮磷污染负荷逐年减少,近5年平均吸附态氮磷污染负荷分别为34423t/a和1848t/a,与1990年相比减少约60%.     

金川县沙耳干河坝泥石流治理工程研究

金川县境内的沙耳干河坝泥石流沟泥石流活动频繁,暴发频率属于中等。为了减少泥石流灾害的威胁和危害,进行现场踏勘,开展泥石流的治理工程研究,具有重要意义。拦砂坝、谷坊坝、单侧防护堤、排导槽和导流堤等工程对泥石流的预防与治理具有显著作用,采用多种措施相结合的方式相对于单一措施更为有效。在治理工程的建设过程中可能引发相应的环境问题,对其中影响较大的水土流失问题提出防治措施,并进行可行性研究,同时提出实施建议。     

雅鲁藏布江源区风沙化土地演变趋势

雅鲁藏布江源区是世界上最高的江河源,其生态功能状况直接影响其水源涵养功能以及中下游地区,特别是日喀则和拉萨等地区的生态安全。源区内土壤发育程度低,气候干旱多风、植被稀疏,风沙地貌发育。论文以雅鲁藏布江源区所在的马泉河流域为研究对象,借助RS和GIS技术,解译了1990年、2000年和2008年3期近20 a遥感影像,并结合DEM数据,分析风沙化土地的分布特征及演变趋势,对准确把握源区内风沙化土地现状及发展趋势具有重要意义。研究结果表明:①2008年,源区共有风沙化土地1 376.22 km2,其中,固定沙地占风沙地总面积的36.03%,半固定沙地占28.10%,流动沙地占9.39%,裸露砂砾地和半裸露砂砾地分别占14.64%和11.84%;②源区风沙化土地呈逐年递增趋势,其中,1990年为1 281.78km2,2000年为1 359.7km2,2008年为1 376.22km2,近20 a增加了94.44 km2;③从高程上看,分布在海拔4 600~4 800 m范围内的风沙化土地占风沙地总面积的76.13%;从坡向上看,分布在平坦地区的风沙化土地占风沙地总面积的56.97%,其次为西南坡和南坡,比例分别为11.20%和8.66%。     

井下采煤影响矿区坡面形态及侵蚀的数值模拟分析

针对井下采煤产生的大范围岩移必然最终改变原有地表形态并影响坡面侵蚀特征及规律这一特殊性,从井下与地表相结合的新视角,结合彬长矿区水土流失特征和典型煤矿采矿条件,以采厚、地表坡面坡度等因素为变量,构建了20个不同类型的数值模型,通过数值模拟方法研究并揭示井下采煤对地表坡面形态及侵蚀的影响规律。结果表明,第一,地表坡面坡度会随采厚增加而呈现增大的趋势,且自然坡度越大,坡度变化量越大;相同采厚条件下,坡度增大率与坡面自然坡度整体上呈负相关。第二,地表坡面坡长会随采厚增加而呈现减小的趋势,且自然坡度越小,坡长变化量越大;随采厚增加,地表坡面坡长减小率与自然坡度呈先正相关后负相关的关系,自然坡度为26.57°是拐点。第三,采厚的增加会提高地表坡面产流产沙的强度,加剧坡面侵蚀,这种效应在坡度较小的坡面更加显著;井下采煤引起地表坡面坡度的增大是产生这一规律的主因。