中小城市中学师生环保意识调查——以湖南省永州市为例

公众的环保意识对国家环境保护政策的制定与实施具有重要影响。最大限度地促进公众参与环保与和谐社会的创建,能有力地推进整个社会环保工作的开展。中学师生作为公众的关键性窗口群体,其环保意识的强弱直接关系到该地区或国家的民众环保意识、公众参与环保水平及未来环境可持续发展状况。本文通过对湖南省永州市城区中学师生环保意识随机抽样调查,分析了师生的环保意识水平。总体来看,大多数师生具备必要的环境知识,但其中相当一部分环境意识比较薄弱,而环保行为更是普遍不足,因此加强在校学生的环境教育和培养在职教师自身环保素质尤显重要。并提出相应的建议。     

治理长江上游水土流失的对策

作为一个发展中国家,中国除了由工业污染造成的臭氧层破坏、酸雨、光化学烟雾等环境问题之外。还有水土流失、沙漠化、森林植被减少等所谓的“欠发达的环境问题”。近年来,长江上游的水土流失问题十分严重,不仅成为长江下游洪涝灾害的址接原因,而且还然及整个长江流域的可持续发展。为了加快长江上游水土流失治理的进程,本文提出政府要从制度创新、加强组织体系建设、宣传可持续发展的新观念等多方面入手,进行全面综合治理。     

ENVIRONMENTAL DESIGNS FOR STREAMBANK PROTECTION PROJECTS1

ABSTRACT: Streambank protection projects are intended to prevent streambank erosion, thereby preventing streambank failure and maintaining a desirable channel alignment. Streambank erosion is a natural process of unaltered, dynamic river systems, and protection projects seek to impose stability on this natural system. The environmental impacts of such projects are primarily changes to terrestrial and aquatic habitats and to aesthetics. Adverse environmental impacts have been minimized and enhancement of existing habitat and aesthetics have been achieved through the development of new, innovative designs or modifications to existing designs and through use of construction and maintenance practices that promote habitat and aesthetics. Designs based on channel flow characteristics, e.g., revetments using a variety of structural materials, can result in preservation of wildlife habitat by reducing the use of structural protection by matching the erosion potential of flow at the bank with the protection capability of the materials used. Designs based on streambed stabilization prevent bank failure caused by bank undermining, result in preservation or establishment of streamside vegetation, and enhance aesthetics. Protection schemes that manage and preserve floodplains, berms, and riparian areas preserve the natural condition of the floodplain area. Designs based on deflection of erosive flows, e.g., dikes, minimize disturbance to the bank vegetation and create low-velocity aquatic habitats. Use of vegetation for bank protection is most effective when used in combination with structural components. Construction and maintenance practices can be scheduled and modified to minimize impacts to floodplain areas and to enhance wildlife habitat while preserving the integrity of the protection structure.     

A DYNAMIC SYSTEM MODEL FOR SIMULATING SEDIMENT DISCHARGE1

ABSTRACT: A dynamic sediment discharge model was developed and proposed for the simulation of watershed systems. It war developed from an expansion of splash and flow erosion relationships under steady state conditions. It was described as a general erosion model that can be reduced to forms comparable to many conceptual soil erosion and sediment yield models. The model incorporates eight parameters such as rainfall intensities, runoff rates, and previous sediment discharges. The model was tested with two small watersheds with simulation results which were very satisfactory compared to the data.     

AGRICULTURAL CONSERVATION PROGRAM: AN EVALUATION1

The Agricultural Conservation Program (ACP), is undergoing a new, rigorous evaluation to determine its effectiveness in conserving the Nation's agricultural soils and waters. ACP deals with many types of conservation practices, but the focus here is on the evaluation of soil and water related practices. ACP has depended heavily on the State and private forestry services, Soil Conservation Service, and the Cooperative Extension Services, for technical expertise. Thus, the process is an evaluation of the effectiveness of a “team of agencies,” as well as of the program itself. Results of the evaluation have helped to develop new thrusts which have moved ACP further into the position of treating the total conservation problem. Phase I has its limitations. It did not address the impact of wind erosion, water quality, change in productive capacity, soil quality, wildlife habitat, off site and farm income impacts. It does show that ACP has and is doing a very good job in meeting its stated purposes. It is clear that ACP's effectiveness can be improved with more and better advanced planning and more intensive use of soil maps, the USLE, and other scientific tools. ACP is headed in this direction.     

Computer and mobile phone waste in urban India: an analysis from the perspectives of public perception,consumption and disposal behaviour

Sustainable management of Electronic waste (E-waste) is a major challenge for contemporary India, an emerging economy burdened with both the domestic generation and illegal import of E-waste. Considering the ever-increasing complexities of E-waste in Indian cities, this paper aims to evaluate the current trends, opportunities and challenges associated with consumption of electronic items (with respect to computers and mobile phones) and disposal of E-waste in urban India. Bangalore, a city popularly known as the ‘Silicon Valley of India’, is considered as a case study in order to evaluate public awareness, household consumption and E-waste disposal behaviours. The city profile of Bangalore indicates that it has a rapidly emerging market for electronics and thus, has the potential to act as a ‘model’ for evaluating the issues concerning E-waste in metropolitan India. Questionnaires were distributed originally among 300 households with an effective response rate of 63.3%. The results indicate that the majority of households (59.3%) still retain their obsolete electronics due to lack of knowledge about proper E-waste management. High awareness about E-waste and high willingness to recycle/repair their E-waste (above 80% in both cases) are yet to be translated into responsible disposal/recycling behaviour as 95.8% of households have no knowledge about the presence of any formal recycling centre. Income, education, age and gender dimensions associated with E-waste disposal behaviour and awareness were also evaluated. Although we found no gender differences for most of the parameters, there have been some interesting correlations in age and income-wise segregation of disposal behaviour. We noted that the city of Bangalore still possesses some typical Indian socio-cultural characteristics, such as considering E-waste as ‘valuables’, changing several hands before final disposal, defying ‘brand’ or ‘looks’ consciousness, etc., which could be directed towards responsible E-waste disposal behaviours. We suggest that establishing appropriate and convenient E-waste collection/recycling facilities, ensuring responsible household disposal behaviour, implementing effective laws and legislation, and organizing mass E-waste awareness campaigns would aid in addressing the current E-waste concerns in the city.     

降雨条件下岩溶地下水微量元素变化特征及其环境意义

对降雨期间青木关岩溶地下河水的化学特征进行连续监测,获取了Ba、Sr、Fe、Mn、Al这5种微量元素及其他常量元素质量浓度的高分辨率数据.运用相关性分析和浓度变化曲线分析微量元素来源及其迁移路径,并结合流域地质背景探讨地下河微量元素变化特征的形成过程.研究发现,Ba和Sr元素为碳酸盐岩溶解的产物,储存于岩石裂隙、孔隙等介质中,经扩散作用进入地下河,质量浓度变化较小;而Fe、Mn、Al均来源于土壤,其中Fe、Al元素主要通过落水洞直接进入地下河,而Mn则通过土壤-岩石多孔介质补给地下河,三者浓度变化很大,对降雨响应强烈.结果表明,5种微量元素质量浓度均低于1 mg·L-1,Fe、Mn、Al元素最高质量浓度均超过饮用水限值.地下河Al、Fe元素质量浓度变化在一定程度上指示着水土流失和水质变化状况,因此有必要加强落水洞附近的环境保护和治理,从源头控制污染源.     

模拟条件下侵蚀-沉积部位土壤CO2通量变化及其影响因素

了解土壤侵蚀与沉积对土壤CO_2通量的影响有助于正确评价侵蚀区域土壤和大气之间CO_2交换过程与机制.本试验于2014和2015年雨季(7~9月)在长武农田生态系统国家野外站进行,利用土壤碳通量测量系统LI-8100(LI-COR,Lincoln,NE,USA)和土壤温度及水分数据采集器(EM50,DECAGON,USA),测定侵蚀和沉积地貌下的土壤CO_2通量、土壤水分和温度,并采集径流泥沙.结果表明:1侵蚀区和沉积区土壤CO_2通量均值依次为1.05μmol·(m~2·s)~(-1)和1.38μmol·(m~2·s)~(-1),沉积区较侵蚀区增幅达31%(P0.05);沉积区土壤CO_2通量温度敏感性(8.14)是侵蚀区(2.34)3倍以上.2侵蚀区与沉积区土壤水分均值分别为0.21 m~3·m~(-3)和0.25 m~3·m~(-3),沉积区较侵蚀区提高19%(P0.05).尽管侵蚀区较沉积区土壤温度稍有提高(7%),但差异不显著.3泥沙中有机碳平均含量(7.26 g·kg~(-1))较试验之初(6.83 g·kg~(-1))提高6%.4土壤水分和土壤有机碳(SOC)在侵蚀区和沉积区的重新分布对土壤CO_2通量空间变异有重要影响.     

沿海城市气候特征对城市雕塑景观侵蚀程度差异分析研究

建筑物集中造成城市空间单一、枯燥和拥挤,城市雕塑作品可带来美化和装饰的作用.以沿海城市的城市雕塑景观为探究对象,研究在沿海气候特征下雕塑的侵蚀程度差异.首先,针对制作雕塑景观的原料砂岩,需进行侵蚀作用模拟实验,选取城市雕塑砂岩样本在风驱雨模拟条件下进行风洞侵蚀实验及水岩作用实验;然后,通过对砂岩雕塑样本实现风洞侵蚀模拟实验后,可获知侵蚀量伴随风速增强而增大,对砂岩实现室内水岩作用实验后可知矿物转化量增加,产生矿物量越多表明岩体的抗侵蚀能力越低,会增加雕塑侵蚀程度.通过利用模拟实验实现了对城市雕塑景观侵蚀程度的分析,为保护雕塑作品提供数据支持.     

新街-恩格阿娄铁路工程建设的水土流失量预测

拟建的新街-恩格阿娄铁路穿过水土流失强度大的鄂尔多斯剥蚀丘陵区和毛乌素沙漠区,铁路建设的施工过程会增大沿线的水土流失量。本研究采用模式预测法对施工期内不同的施工单元和地类的水土流失量进行了估算。结果表明,工程建设区域内原地貌背景水土流失量为3.79×10^4t,在施工期间如果不采取任何防护措施,工程建设可能造成的水土流失量为7.47×10^4t,可能造成的新增水土流失量为3.69×10^4t,主体工程新增的水土流失量最大,达到2.4×10^4t,占可能新增的水土流失总量的65%左右,取土场次之,占28%左右,施工场地及营地新增的水土流失量最小,不到新增水土流失总量的1%。在水土流失防治上,重点防治区段是主体工程区、取土场和临时堆土区,本文对不同的施工单元提出了包括工程措施、植物措施和临时防护措施在内的水土流失防治对策。