开展新形势下环境保护宣传教育工作的几点思考

环境保护事业在发展，宣传教育工作也要与时俱进。环境保护不仅是一门专业，更重要的是一个理念，是新的文明和新的文化形态。宣传这种理念需要一种无私的奉献精神，更需要一种有效的手段。在强化公众的环保意识的同时，更要针对领导干部、企业负责人、消费者等不同群体开展环保教育，建立宣传教育的配套机制，依托多元主体，进行各有侧重的环境保护宣传教育。     

ENVIRONMENTAL DESIGNS FOR STREAMBANK PROTECTION PROJECTS1

ABSTRACT: Streambank protection projects are intended to prevent streambank erosion, thereby preventing streambank failure and maintaining a desirable channel alignment. Streambank erosion is a natural process of unaltered, dynamic river systems, and protection projects seek to impose stability on this natural system. The environmental impacts of such projects are primarily changes to terrestrial and aquatic habitats and to aesthetics. Adverse environmental impacts have been minimized and enhancement of existing habitat and aesthetics have been achieved through the development of new, innovative designs or modifications to existing designs and through use of construction and maintenance practices that promote habitat and aesthetics. Designs based on channel flow characteristics, e.g., revetments using a variety of structural materials, can result in preservation of wildlife habitat by reducing the use of structural protection by matching the erosion potential of flow at the bank with the protection capability of the materials used. Designs based on streambed stabilization prevent bank failure caused by bank undermining, result in preservation or establishment of streamside vegetation, and enhance aesthetics. Protection schemes that manage and preserve floodplains, berms, and riparian areas preserve the natural condition of the floodplain area. Designs based on deflection of erosive flows, e.g., dikes, minimize disturbance to the bank vegetation and create low-velocity aquatic habitats. Use of vegetation for bank protection is most effective when used in combination with structural components. Construction and maintenance practices can be scheduled and modified to minimize impacts to floodplain areas and to enhance wildlife habitat while preserving the integrity of the protection structure.     

A DYNAMIC SYSTEM MODEL FOR SIMULATING SEDIMENT DISCHARGE1

ABSTRACT: A dynamic sediment discharge model was developed and proposed for the simulation of watershed systems. It war developed from an expansion of splash and flow erosion relationships under steady state conditions. It was described as a general erosion model that can be reduced to forms comparable to many conceptual soil erosion and sediment yield models. The model incorporates eight parameters such as rainfall intensities, runoff rates, and previous sediment discharges. The model was tested with two small watersheds with simulation results which were very satisfactory compared to the data.     

AGRICULTURAL CONSERVATION PROGRAM: AN EVALUATION1

The Agricultural Conservation Program (ACP), is undergoing a new, rigorous evaluation to determine its effectiveness in conserving the Nation's agricultural soils and waters. ACP deals with many types of conservation practices, but the focus here is on the evaluation of soil and water related practices. ACP has depended heavily on the State and private forestry services, Soil Conservation Service, and the Cooperative Extension Services, for technical expertise. Thus, the process is an evaluation of the effectiveness of a “team of agencies,” as well as of the program itself. Results of the evaluation have helped to develop new thrusts which have moved ACP further into the position of treating the total conservation problem. Phase I has its limitations. It did not address the impact of wind erosion, water quality, change in productive capacity, soil quality, wildlife habitat, off site and farm income impacts. It does show that ACP has and is doing a very good job in meeting its stated purposes. It is clear that ACP's effectiveness can be improved with more and better advanced planning and more intensive use of soil maps, the USLE, and other scientific tools. ACP is headed in this direction.     

Computer and mobile phone waste in urban India: an analysis from the perspectives of public perception,consumption and disposal behaviour

Sustainable management of Electronic waste (E-waste) is a major challenge for contemporary India, an emerging economy burdened with both the domestic generation and illegal import of E-waste. Considering the ever-increasing complexities of E-waste in Indian cities, this paper aims to evaluate the current trends, opportunities and challenges associated with consumption of electronic items (with respect to computers and mobile phones) and disposal of E-waste in urban India. Bangalore, a city popularly known as the ‘Silicon Valley of India’, is considered as a case study in order to evaluate public awareness, household consumption and E-waste disposal behaviours. The city profile of Bangalore indicates that it has a rapidly emerging market for electronics and thus, has the potential to act as a ‘model’ for evaluating the issues concerning E-waste in metropolitan India. Questionnaires were distributed originally among 300 households with an effective response rate of 63.3%. The results indicate that the majority of households (59.3%) still retain their obsolete electronics due to lack of knowledge about proper E-waste management. High awareness about E-waste and high willingness to recycle/repair their E-waste (above 80% in both cases) are yet to be translated into responsible disposal/recycling behaviour as 95.8% of households have no knowledge about the presence of any formal recycling centre. Income, education, age and gender dimensions associated with E-waste disposal behaviour and awareness were also evaluated. Although we found no gender differences for most of the parameters, there have been some interesting correlations in age and income-wise segregation of disposal behaviour. We noted that the city of Bangalore still possesses some typical Indian socio-cultural characteristics, such as considering E-waste as ‘valuables’, changing several hands before final disposal, defying ‘brand’ or ‘looks’ consciousness, etc., which could be directed towards responsible E-waste disposal behaviours. We suggest that establishing appropriate and convenient E-waste collection/recycling facilities, ensuring responsible household disposal behaviour, implementing effective laws and legislation, and organizing mass E-waste awareness campaigns would aid in addressing the current E-waste concerns in the city.     

降雨条件下岩溶地下水微量元素变化特征及其环境意义

对降雨期间青木关岩溶地下河水的化学特征进行连续监测,获取了Ba、Sr、Fe、Mn、Al这5种微量元素及其他常量元素质量浓度的高分辨率数据.运用相关性分析和浓度变化曲线分析微量元素来源及其迁移路径,并结合流域地质背景探讨地下河微量元素变化特征的形成过程.研究发现,Ba和Sr元素为碳酸盐岩溶解的产物,储存于岩石裂隙、孔隙等介质中,经扩散作用进入地下河,质量浓度变化较小;而Fe、Mn、Al均来源于土壤,其中Fe、Al元素主要通过落水洞直接进入地下河,而Mn则通过土壤-岩石多孔介质补给地下河,三者浓度变化很大,对降雨响应强烈.结果表明,5种微量元素质量浓度均低于1 mg·L-1,Fe、Mn、Al元素最高质量浓度均超过饮用水限值.地下河Al、Fe元素质量浓度变化在一定程度上指示着水土流失和水质变化状况,因此有必要加强落水洞附近的环境保护和治理,从源头控制污染源.     

模拟条件下侵蚀-沉积部位土壤CO2通量变化及其影响因素

了解土壤侵蚀与沉积对土壤CO_2通量的影响有助于正确评价侵蚀区域土壤和大气之间CO_2交换过程与机制.本试验于2014和2015年雨季(7~9月)在长武农田生态系统国家野外站进行,利用土壤碳通量测量系统LI-8100(LI-COR,Lincoln,NE,USA)和土壤温度及水分数据采集器(EM50,DECAGON,USA),测定侵蚀和沉积地貌下的土壤CO_2通量、土壤水分和温度,并采集径流泥沙.结果表明:1侵蚀区和沉积区土壤CO_2通量均值依次为1.05μmol·(m~2·s)~(-1)和1.38μmol·(m~2·s)~(-1),沉积区较侵蚀区增幅达31%(P0.05);沉积区土壤CO_2通量温度敏感性(8.14)是侵蚀区(2.34)3倍以上.2侵蚀区与沉积区土壤水分均值分别为0.21 m~3·m~(-3)和0.25 m~3·m~(-3),沉积区较侵蚀区提高19%(P0.05).尽管侵蚀区较沉积区土壤温度稍有提高(7%),但差异不显著.3泥沙中有机碳平均含量(7.26 g·kg~(-1))较试验之初(6.83 g·kg~(-1))提高6%.4土壤水分和土壤有机碳(SOC)在侵蚀区和沉积区的重新分布对土壤CO_2通量空间变异有重要影响.     

沿海城市气候特征对城市雕塑景观侵蚀程度差异分析研究

建筑物集中造成城市空间单一、枯燥和拥挤,城市雕塑作品可带来美化和装饰的作用.以沿海城市的城市雕塑景观为探究对象,研究在沿海气候特征下雕塑的侵蚀程度差异.首先,针对制作雕塑景观的原料砂岩,需进行侵蚀作用模拟实验,选取城市雕塑砂岩样本在风驱雨模拟条件下进行风洞侵蚀实验及水岩作用实验;然后,通过对砂岩雕塑样本实现风洞侵蚀模拟实验后,可获知侵蚀量伴随风速增强而增大,对砂岩实现室内水岩作用实验后可知矿物转化量增加,产生矿物量越多表明岩体的抗侵蚀能力越低,会增加雕塑侵蚀程度.通过利用模拟实验实现了对城市雕塑景观侵蚀程度的分析,为保护雕塑作品提供数据支持.     

论生态补偿法律制度的现状与完善

生态补偿在我国有一定的发展历史,但在法律规制方面一直没有形成完整体系.文章认为完善我国生态补偿法律机制首先应厘清其法律内涵,在此基础上通过梳理目前生态补偿法律机制运行的现状,揭示其还存在法律制度方面的缺失、补偿资金来源单一、公民环境意识淡漠等问题,近而提出应从立法方面规范生态补偿法律行为、实施多元化的融资渠道,普及环境意识,推进公共参与制度等方面来完善生态补偿法律机制,达到环境、经济、社会的可持续发展.     

论加强高校生态环境教育

当前,环境保护的重要性不言而喻,解决环境问题也成为实现人与自然和谐发展的关键。解决环境问题的方法有很多,寻求治理现状和预防污染的手段固然重要,但是要从根本上解决环境问题必须加强人们的环保生态意识。本文认为,开展生态教育是推广生态理念、加强公众生态意识的有效途径,有利于提高人才培养的素质。生态教育的思想由来已久,我国专业生态教育几乎与国外同步发展。但是,生态教育普及的深度及广度都相对滞后。本文研究了目前高校生态教育存在的问题,并且针对这些问题探讨了解决的措施,试图为改善高校生态教育现状做出自己的努力。