选矿拜耳法氧化铝生产过程危害评价与对策

选矿拜耳法生产氧化铝是典型的冶金化工过程,涉及到了多种危险有害因素.本文通过对国内现役选矿拜耳法氧化铝生产装置进行调研,同时结合国内外其他涉及氧化铝生产厂家的情况,分析并指出了生产过程中可能出现的危险有害因素,进而提出了相应对策措施,可为企业消除事故隐患实现安全生产提供保障.     

我国海岸带环境灾害的基本特征与减灾对策

海岸带是自然灾害与社会经济发达区相互重叠的特殊环境地带.我国海岸带环境灾害的基本特征是种类繁多,频次高,破坏性强,与社会经济发展耦合,易形成复杂灾害链等.本文提出了基于可持续发展观点的、以工程建设与生态建设相结合、灾害区划与综合减灾相结合、基础研究与高科技应用相结合的减灾对策.     

县级地质灾害防治管理评价指标体系探讨

通过建立评价指标体系,尽可能定量地评价地质灾害防治管理工作,这是地质灾害防治管理工作科学化、规范化的有益补充.在分析建立县级地质灾害防治工作评价指标体系必要性、可行性的基础上,应用工作分析法和经验总结法征求了指标,运用AHP方法建立了评价指标体系结构,采用专家咨询法确定了权重,提出了一套由16个指标(含40项分指标)构成的较为完整的县级地质灾害防治管理工作评价体系.最后,应用所建立的评价指标体系对部分县进行了评价,验证了评价指标的准确性.     

Mixing hazard evaluation of organic peroxides with other chemicals

Organic peroxides (POs) have been widely used in chemical industries as initiators of polymerization, hardening or bridge formation agents, and they are known for its self-reactive and also mixing hazard characteristics when mixed with other chemicals such as acids and alkalis. It is the purpose of this investigation to propose a simple but useful evaluation flow of mixing hazards of POs with other chemicals using conventional experimental techniques such as a glass test tube test, Dewar vessel test and DSC is proposed. 7 kinds of POs (DEPD, THP, TBEH, TBTC, MEKPO, DTBP, THHP) were mixed with sulfuric acids with various concentration, sodium hydroxide solutions, -iron(III) oxide and acrylonitrile (AN).

Based on the proposed evaluation flow the testing results were classified into 4 ranks due to the hazard criteria. Futhermore DEPD/acrylonitrile mixtures were investigated in more detail and the influences of the mixing ratio and the stirring speed were discussed.     

State of research on the automation of HAZOP studies

For more than 30 years, multiple research groups have worked on the automation of hazard and operability (HAZOP) studies, or more specifically on the hazard identification process. So far, very few of these approaches have been used in the chemical process industry. Automatic hazard identification is a knowledge-intensive process that demands high standards with regard to the way in which knowledge is stored and made available. There are various suitable approaches to the qualitative modeling of processes and plants, which are the foundation for reasoning systems that are used for the identification of hazards. Additionally, there are quantitative methods that are based on process simulations and can be used to identify potential hazards. The investigation of the state of research demonstrates that there are sophisticated technologies for automated systems that include powerful reasoning techniques. The benefits and shortcomings of existing technologies are discussed with regard to their industrial applicability. Often, the quality of the necessary specific and generic knowledge is not sufficient to detect potential hazardous events and operational malfunctions. Computer-aided HAZOP systems should be integrated with computer-aided design- or process simulation software using common data models based on the digital representation of the process plant. In order to be used by HAZOP practitioners automated systems need to be comprehensive, serve as specialized decision support systems, and be tested and evaluated using round robin tests.     

三种流速下高强钢与微弧氧化钛电偶腐蚀研究

目的研究三种流速下微弧氧化钛和高强钢的电偶腐蚀行为。方法在面积比为1:1情况下进行1,3,7 m/s流速下的电化学测试和电偶腐蚀试验研究。结果随着流速的增大,偶合电流、总腐蚀速率和电偶腐蚀速率增大。当流速为7 m/s时,高强钢总腐蚀速率和电偶腐蚀速率分别达到8.64 mm/a和0.39 mm/a,与静态相比分别增大146倍和15.6倍,与1 m/s流速下相比分别增大8.6倍和5倍。结论在面积比为1:1时,冲刷腐蚀速率远大于电偶腐蚀速率。     

黄土丘陵区坡面水蚀对降雨和下垫面微观格局的响应

黄土高原严重的土壤侵蚀是降雨和复杂脆弱的下垫面共同作用的结果.以微型小区尺度上(1.2 m×1.2 m;2 m×1.2m)模拟降雨技术为基本研究手段,定量刻画了降雨量和降雨强度等基本降雨特征值对定西安家沟自然坡面上荒草、沙棘中位、沙棘下位、沙棘上位、结皮裸地和裸地等不同植株微观格局及其处理下的水蚀过程的影响.主要取得以下结果:①雨强和雨量对水蚀的发生均能产生显著影响,但以雨强的影响力更大;②前期土壤含水量与产流时间显著负相关,而与径流量和侵蚀量显著正相关.前期含水量相同时,不同植株微景观格局对产流时间发挥了关键作用;③不同植株及其微观格局遏制地表径流的能力迥异.在50～60 mm.h-1的大雨强作用下,有沙棘覆盖的小区径流系数仅为5%～8%,荒草地为25%,结皮裸地为45%,而裸地则高达63%;④有沙棘覆盖的小区中,沙棘在小区中所处的具体位置对于水土流失效应又极为重要,以沙棘下位的水土保持效果最好.     

道化学公司指数法在罐区安全评价中的应用

采用道化学公司火灾、爆炸危险指数法对中国石化某厂综合储罐区进行安全评价,得出了其安全措施补偿前后的火灾、爆炸指数（F＆EI）、危险等级、暴露半径、暴露面积以及暴露体积等。结果表明,该企业综合储罐区采取的安全措施较为适用,能降低火灾、爆炸事故发生的概率和事故损害．     

基于耦合协同理论的泥石流危险性评价研究

泥石流地质灾害是降雨、松散物源和自然地理条件共同作用的结果,在泥石流暴发形成过程中,降雨条件、物源条件和自然地理条件三者之间存在着复杂的耦合关系,各要素之间相互作用、协同演化。因此,根据系统耦合协同理论和熵值赋权理论,本文建立泥石流暴发系统的耦合协调评价模型,并对重庆市北碚区典型泥石流单沟进行了耦合协调程度和危险性评价,评价结果与泥石流暴发的实际情况相吻合,能够为泥石流灾害的预防提供理论支撑。     

灰霾天气成因危害及控制治理

随着经济社会发展、城市迅速扩大和城市化进程加快,大气气溶胶污染日趋严重,由气溶胶颗粒物造成能见度恶化事件越来越多,灰霾天气已成为一种常见环境灾害污染事件。简要概述了灰霾天气定义分级、分布特征与雾霾比较,深入研究了灰霾天气形成原因、影响因素与存在危害,系统探讨了灰霾天气控制措施、监测方法与治理对策。指出在现有灰霾天气成因危害及控制治理状况下,加强理念宣贯,建立预报预警,开展PM2.5防治,推进城区绿化,科学布设规划,可有效解决中国资源节约型、环境友好型、生态文明型可持续发展过程中所面临灰霾天气防控治理问题。