A DYNAMIC SYSTEM MODEL FOR SIMULATING SEDIMENT DISCHARGE1

ABSTRACT: A dynamic sediment discharge model was developed and proposed for the simulation of watershed systems. It war developed from an expansion of splash and flow erosion relationships under steady state conditions. It was described as a general erosion model that can be reduced to forms comparable to many conceptual soil erosion and sediment yield models. The model incorporates eight parameters such as rainfall intensities, runoff rates, and previous sediment discharges. The model was tested with two small watersheds with simulation results which were very satisfactory compared to the data.     

AGRICULTURAL CONSERVATION PROGRAM: AN EVALUATION1

The Agricultural Conservation Program (ACP), is undergoing a new, rigorous evaluation to determine its effectiveness in conserving the Nation's agricultural soils and waters. ACP deals with many types of conservation practices, but the focus here is on the evaluation of soil and water related practices. ACP has depended heavily on the State and private forestry services, Soil Conservation Service, and the Cooperative Extension Services, for technical expertise. Thus, the process is an evaluation of the effectiveness of a “team of agencies,” as well as of the program itself. Results of the evaluation have helped to develop new thrusts which have moved ACP further into the position of treating the total conservation problem. Phase I has its limitations. It did not address the impact of wind erosion, water quality, change in productive capacity, soil quality, wildlife habitat, off site and farm income impacts. It does show that ACP has and is doing a very good job in meeting its stated purposes. It is clear that ACP's effectiveness can be improved with more and better advanced planning and more intensive use of soil maps, the USLE, and other scientific tools. ACP is headed in this direction.     

山西省主要地质灾害分析

着重讨论了山西省主要的地质灾害-地震、水土流失、地裂缝、地面塌陷的分布和成因。     

南方红壤区不同侵蚀程度下土壤有机质空间变异的影响因素研究

研究不同侵蚀程度下土壤有机质空间变异的影响因素对指导耕地利用和水土保持工作的开展具有重要意义。论文以江西省兴国县耕地土壤有机质为研究对象,分析了不同侵蚀程度下土壤有机质的空间变异及其影响因素。结果表明：随着侵蚀程度的加深,兴国县土壤有机质含量呈下降趋势。不同侵蚀程度下土壤有机质含量差异显著（P<0.001）,等级均为四级。变异系数由大到小依次为中度侵蚀（43.70%）>剧烈侵蚀（37.78%）>重度侵蚀（34.88%）>极强度侵蚀（34.44%）>无明显侵蚀（34.38%）>轻微侵蚀（28.91%）。在无明显侵蚀和轻微侵蚀时,高程和剖面构型是影响土壤有机质空间变异的主要因子。在中度侵蚀和重度侵蚀时,主要影响因素变为坡度。但在极强度侵蚀和剧烈侵蚀时,高程、坡度、坡向、成土母质和剖面构型对土壤有机质含量都影响显著（P<0.05）。因此,不同侵蚀程度下土壤有机质空间变异影响因素不尽相同。在不同侵蚀程度下合理开展耕地利用和水土保持工作有利于最大限度地节约资源。     

长江中下游悬浮物稀土元素地球化学特征及其对三峡工程的响应

通过分析枯水季(2008年1月)长江中下游干流和支流(湖泊)悬浮物的稀土元素(REE)组成,探讨三峡水库的泥沙拦截对该区域沉积物组成和干、支流输沙关系的影响。结果表明:长江干流宜昌至城陵矶段的REE变异系数显著大于城陵矶以下站位,且部分站位出现显著的Ce或Eu异常,该段沉积物的物质组成存在显著差异;洞庭湖沉积物继承了长江干流的REE组成特征;鄱阳湖和汉江等支流(湖泊),与干流的REE组成存在一定的差异,通过端元混合模型估算得,观测期间鄱阳湖和汉江对长江干流沉积物的贡献分别约为58%和23%。由此可见,三峡水库的运行,导致了长江中下游枯季的物质来源和组成发生改变:中游河床出现了显著的侵蚀,汉江和鄱阳湖等支流(湖泊)对干流的物质输送相对增加。     

滇中抚仙湖沉积物元素特征与流域侵蚀研究

通过对云南滇中盆地高原深水湖泊抚仙湖沉积岩芯进行X射线荧光光谱（XRF）元素与磁化率连续扫描,结合聚类分析、主成分分析方法和其它相关环境代用指标,探讨了抚仙湖流域自1840年以来的流域侵蚀与人类活动特征.研究结果表明,抚仙湖XRF元素扫描的聚类分析结果具有明显的阶段性特征,可将其大致划分为3个阶段,即34~24cm（约1715~1813年）,24~9cm（约1813~1947年）和9~0cm（约1947~2018年）.基于抚仙湖沉积物岩芯中元素比值和低频磁化率的主成分分析,识别出的主成分1与主成分2的方差贡献分别为37.72%和25.73%.指示抚仙湖流域侵蚀强度的元素比值Rb/Sr、Ti/Sr、Ti/Rb公因子载荷较大（>0.6）,该结果表明,抚仙湖外源碎屑沉积物的元素比值对流域侵蚀与人类活动具有良好的指示意义.因此,本文使用湖相沉积中的环境代用指标对抚仙湖流域侵蚀与人类活动强度进行重建.研究结果表明,1840年以来人类活动加剧了流域侵蚀强度.自1990年以来随着流域生态环境的逐步恢复,侵蚀强度总体较弱.     

中小型水库及其流域水源保护对策研究——以邱庄水库为例

水利实际上是除水害兴水利的一项环境、生态改善工程,邱庄水库是唐山市主要水源地之一.由于水库上游流域比较严重的水土流失以及生活污染源的影响,对水库功能造成了一定的隐患.要统筹规划,编制流域水资源综合规划,处理好工业、农业、渔业的关系,保护水质.     

INTEGRATED MANAGEMENT OF IN‐FIELD,EDGE‐OF‐FIELD,AND AFTER‐FIELD BUFFERS1

This review summarizes how conservation benefits are maximized when in‐field and edge‐of‐field buffers are integrated with each other and with other conservation practices such as residue management and grade control structures. Buffers improve both surface and subsurface water quality. Soils under permanent buffer vegetation generally have higher organic carbon concentrations, higher infiltration capacities, and more active microbial populations than similar soils under annual cropping. Sediment can be trapped with rather narrow buffers, but extensive buffers are better at transforming dissolved pollutants. Buffers improve surface runoff water quality most efficiently when flows through them are slow, shallow, and diffuse. Vegetative barriers ‐ narrow strips of dense, erect grass ‐ can slow and spread concentrated runoff. Subsurface processing is best on shallow soils that provide increased hydrologic contact between the ground water plume and buffer vegetation. Vegetated ditches and constructed wetlands can act as “after‐field” conservation buffers, processing pollutants that escape from fields. For these buffers to function efficiently, it is critical that in‐field and edge‐of‐field practices limit peak runoff rate and sediment yield in order to maximize contact time with buffer vegetation and minimize the need for cleanout excavation that destroys vegetation and its processing capacity.     

RIPARIAN LAND USES AND PRECIPITATION INFLUENCES ON STREAM BANK EROSION IN CENTRAL IOWA1

Human alterations to the Iowa landscape, such as elimination of native vegetation for row crop agriculture and grazing, channelization of streams, and tile and ditch drainage, have led to deeply incised channels with accelerated streambank erosion. The magnitude of streambank erosion and soil loss were compared along Bear Creek in central Iowa. The subreaches are bordered by differing land uses, including reestablished riparian forest buffers, row crop fields, and continuously grazed riparian pastures. Erosion pins were measured from June 1998 to July 2002 to estimate the magnitude of streambank erosion. Total streambank soil loss was estimated by using magnitude of bank erosion, soil bulk density, and severely eroded bank area. Significant seasonal and yearly differences in magnitude of bank erosion and total soil loss were partially attributed to differences in precipitation and associated discharges. Riparian forest buffers had significantly lower magnitude of streambank erosion and total soil loss than the other two riparian land uses. Establishment of riparian forest buffers along all of the nonbuffered subreaches would have reduced stream‐bank soil loss by an estimated 77 to 97 percent, significantly decreasing sediment in the stream, a major water quality problem in Iowa.     

BLACK WILLOW CUTTING SURVIVAL IN STREAMBANK PLANTINGS,SOUTHEASTERN UNITED STATES1

Field studies were conducted on black willow (Salix nigra) cuttings planted for riparian zone restoration along Harland Creek, Twentymile Creek, and Little Topashaw Creek in Mississippi, USA. Planted cuttings were 2.5 to 3 m long and had base diameters of 2.5 to 7.5 cm. Streams were unstable, deeply incised sand bed channels with eroding banks 1 to 6 m high. Soil texture, redox potential (Eh), depth to water table, and willow survival were monitored for two to three years after planting. While many factors influence willow cuttings at restoration sites, soil texture and moisture are key to plant success. In these studies, plant survival and growth were best for cuttings planted in soils with less than 40 percent silt‐clay content and a water table 0.5 m to 1.0 m below the soil surface during the growing season. These conditions produced soil Eh greater than approximately 200 mV and were most often observed 1 to 2 m higher than the bank toe. These findings suggest criteria useful for preplanting site evaluations. Additional evidence suggests that preplanting soaking enhances performance of black willow cuttings. Additional factors (channel erosion, herbivory by beaver, and competition from exotics) may control performance over periods longer than two to three years.