137Cs示踪红壤丘陵区坡地土壤侵蚀的研究--以江西丰城市为例

通过137Cs示踪技术,并采用相关的土壤侵蚀定量模型,对红壤丘陵区江西丰城市坡面不同土地利用类型、方式以及不同地貌部位的土壤侵蚀进行了研究。结果表明：研究区137Cs的本底值为1 992.45±145.63 Bq/m2;试验区典型坡地不同地貌部位均存在着一定程度的土壤侵蚀,且侵蚀强度总的变化趋势为坡底部>坡中部>坡顶部;不同土地利用类型和方式下的坡面侵蚀强度亦呈现一定的分异现象,从大到小依次为耕作土坡面>退耕30年+退耕1年混合坡面>退耕30年坡面>荒坡。     

基于Matlab的超声空化场测量与可视化分析

为探究超声空化机理、明确超声条件对空化效应的影响,采用铝箔腐蚀法,测量了不同条件下槽式与探头式超声装置中空化场分布,在Matlab平台实现了超声空化场的二维可视化,并通过超声基础试验进行分析验证,.结果表明:槽式超声场分布不均匀,随着超声频率的增加,铝箔腐蚀面积减小,空化效应减弱;空化效应在波腹处最明显,高效区面积最大.探头式超声空化场的高效区主要分布在探头轴线附近,随着铝箔与探头距离的增加,空化效应逐渐减弱,低效区面积增加;空化效应随超声波声能密度的增加而增强,声能密度5W/mL时,腐蚀面积可达80%以上.相同条件下,槽式超声波反应器中超声空化效应较强.超声波声能密度越大,处理后的污泥上清液SCOD越高,破解效果好;随着超声频率的增加,污泥破解程度下降,空化效应减弱.     

雅鲁藏布江源区土壤侵蚀特征

以雅鲁藏布江源区所在的马泉河流域为研究区域,运用遥感和G IS技术对土壤侵蚀及其空间分布的地貌特征进行研究,结果表明:轻度及其以上强度土壤侵蚀面积为18 933.33 km2,占源区面积的71.86%;冻融侵蚀是土壤侵蚀的主要形式,占源区面积的82.53%;风力侵蚀占5.33%,集中分布在河谷宽谷段;水力侵蚀面积所占比例较小,以微度侵蚀为主。土壤侵蚀的地理分布规律受海拔高度的影响较大,垂直分异明显,主要发生在坡度等级较低、地势较平坦的地区。轻度以上冻融侵蚀主要分布在海拔4 600~5 200 m,且有20%以上集中在0°~5°坡地;风力侵蚀主要分布在海拔4 600~5 600 m、0°~25°坡地。极强烈风力侵蚀以西南坡向最大,南、西、东南坡和平地分布较少。强烈风力侵蚀以平地所占比例最大,东北和西2个坡向次之。坡向对冻融侵蚀影响较小。     

The Role of Soil Surface Crusting in Desertification and Strategies to Reduce Crusting

Soil crusting decreases infiltration, increases erosion, and impedes vegetation establishment, so reducing the impact of crusting is of major importance in combating desertification. Although surface crusting has been the subject of considerable research over the past 50 years or more, the practical management of soil crusts remains a challenge for many dryland communities. Crusting occurs in two steps, an initial aggregate breakdown period that occurs under rainfall and a subsequent hardening phase during drying. Several factors influence crust development, but the single most important one is soil aggregate stability. Strategies to reduce crusting can be based either on protecting the surface from raindrop impact or improving aggregate stability, or a combination of both. However, crust control is labor and/or capital intensive and must be thought out clearly in terms of the benefits to be achieved.     

Soil erosion in developing countries: a socio-economic appraisal

Soil erosion is the single most important environmental degradation problem in the developing world. Despite the plethora of literature that exists on the incidence, causes and impacts of soil erosion, a concrete understanding of this complex problem is lacking. This paper examines the soil erosion problem in developing countries in order to understand the complex inter-relationships between population pressure, poverty and environmental-institutional dynamics. Two recent theoretical developments, namely Boserup's theory on population pressure, poverty and soil erosion and Lopez's theory on environmental and institutional dynamics have been reviewed. The analysis reveals that negative impacts of technical change, inappropriate government policies and poor institutions are largely responsible for the continued soil erosion in developing countries. On the other hand, potential for market-based approaches to mitigate the problem is also low due to the negative externalities involved. A deeper appreciation of institutional and environmental dynamics and policy reforms to strengthen weak institutions may help mitigate the problem.     

Use of Soil and Water Protection Practices Among Farmers in Three Midwest Watersheds

Data were collected from 1011 farmers in three Midwestern watersheds (Ohio, Iowa, and Minnesota) to assess factors that influence the use of conservation production systems at the farm level. The “vested interests” perspective used to guide the investigation was derived from elements of social learning and social exchange theories. Respondents were asked to indicate their frequency of use for 18 agricultural production practices that could be adopted on Midwestern farms at the time of the study. Responses to the 18 items were summed to form a composite variable, termed “conservation production index,” for use as the dependent variable in multivariate analysis. Eleven independent variables were identified from the theory as likely predictors of conservation adoption, including respondents' perceptions about production costs, output and risks, and perceived importance of access to subsidies, technical assistance, and informational/educational programs. Regression analysis was used to assess the performance of the independent variables in explaining variance in the conservation production index. Explained variance in the three regression models ranged from 2% in the Minnesota watershed to 19% in the Ohio watershed. The researchers concluded that the model had limited utility in predicting adoption of conservation production systems within the three study watersheds. Findings are discussed in the context of conservation programs within the three areas.     

复合农林业的由来与兴起

由于人口的增长,人们对粮食、烧柴的需求与日俱增,致使森林面积减少,土壤等自然资源退化,生态环境恶化。对此于20世纪70年代提出了“复合农林业(Agroforestry)”,并发展成一门新兴的学科。它有意识地将多年生木本植物与农作物或家畜结合起来,在为农村提供烧柴、木材、饲料、粮食的同时,又可保持土壤肥力,达到持久农业的目的。它对我国大面积山丘地区自然资源的综合利用与保护有着重要的意义。     

河北省坝上地区气候与沙化关系的研究

本文利用坝上五县气象站近３０年资料进行数理统计，研究其与该区沙暴等自然灾害的关系。其结果表明：坝上地区近３０年来气温上升了０．７８℃；降雨量增加了１３．８ｍｍ；大风递减了２３．７个大风日和沙暴减少了９．２个沙暴日。同时根据不同介质的风蚀积沙观测资料，以及沙化与恢复指标，对该区的生态环境的初步恢复与改善进行了预测研究。     

ASSESSMENT OF GULLY-CONTROL STRUCTURES IN THE RIO NUTRIA WATERSHED,ZUNI RESERVATION,NEW MEXICO1

ABSTRACT: During the latter part of the 19th century and the early part of the 20th century, a major cycle of erosion, arroyo cutting, and gullying occurred in the southwestern United States. Since this erosion cycle began, many projects to control erosion, such as the Civilian Conservation Corps projects in the 1930s, were initiated. However, in the Southwestern United States few studies have documented the effect of these structures in reducing erosion or their effect on gully systems. As part of a watershed rehabilitation project on the Zuni Reservation, New Mexico, 47 structures made either of earth or rocks and 23 rock and brush structures were assessed. Sixty percent of the 47 earth or rock structures have breached and relative to dam height, 65 percent of 47 structures are more than 50 percent silted. Of the 23 rock and brush structures, 22 percent have breached or are close to breaching. Reasons for breaching of all structural types may be piping, scour immediately below the structures, large runoff and large drainage area, poor maintenance, headcutting, and active arroyo deepening and widening. In most cases, documentation does not exist on structure design, the specific purpose for a structure, or when these structures were built.     

SEDIMENT DEPOSITION ESTIMATION FROM CESIUM-137 MEASUREMENTS1

ABSTRACT The movement of fallout ¹³⁷Cs carried by soil particles was studied as an indicator of erosion and sedimentation in the Allerton watersheds and 4-H Memorial Lake located near Monticello, Illinois. Sediment deposition was greater in the waterway draining from watershed IB than in the waterway from watershed IA. At the average rate of 2.3 cm/yr of sediment deposition in the lake (from 1954 to 1979), there will be a loss of over 2 meters of water depth in the next century. However, there appears to be a decreasing rate of sediment deposition in the 4-H Memorial Lake as a result of improved conservation practices on the watersheds and the increased effectiveness of vegetated waterways and buffers for retaining sediment.