染料敏化太阳能电池纳米TiO2制备及多孔电极膜研究进展

本文就目前在染料敏化太阳能电池产业化中急需解决的TiO2纳晶制备、电极薄膜修饰与改进等热点问题的最新研究进展进行了综合评述,分析了存在的问题并提出了对策.     

2003年北京地区年雨量的预测

通过对北京地区1870年以来年雨量与太阳活动和厄尔尼诺年关系的处理分析,给出了一种预测北京地区年雨量的数学模型,在前5年预测的基础上,给出2003年北京地区年雨量的预测值为450±50mm。     

Physiological Rearrangements in the Progeny of White Rats in the Zone of the Chernobyl Accident

Studies on six generations of white rats kept at the experimental station in Chernobyl showed that the dynamics of hormonal rearrangements and endocrine responses evoked by additional stress (hypokinesia) were generation- and sex-dependent. The male rats of the first five generations were characterized by hypercorticoidism, early involutional shifts, and decreased reactivity in response to hypokinesia. By the sixth and seventh generations, the hormonal profiles shifted toward an increase in the background level of sex hormones and their role in the response to hypokinesia. In female rats, the hormonal indices and reactivity changed less significantly.     

城市电磁波辐射污染监测及防护

电磁波辐射不仅对通信、无线电管理、电器设备的正常工作有许多干扰,而且对生物体也有严重的影响。为了更有效地避免因射频、微波等高频电磁场对城市居民身心健康的危害,进行城市电磁波辐射水平的监测与评价,并为此采取相应的防护措施是十分必要的。在1990年,用我国研制的电磁环境辐射监测仪对厦门、漳州两城市的电磁波辐射污染进行了测试和评价,为我国各大中城市进行电磁波辐射污染测试和评估提供了切实可行的方法。     

Synchrotron micro-scale measurement of metal distributions in Phragmites australis and Typha latifolia root tissue from an urban brownfield site

Liberty State Park in New Jersey,USA,is a "brownfield" site containing various levels of contaminants.To investigate metal uptake and distributions in plants on the brownfield site,Phragmites australis and Typha latifolia were collected in Liberty State Park during the growing season(May–September)in 2011 at two sites with the high and low metal loads,respectively.The objective of this study was to understand the metal(Fe,Mn,Cu,Pb and Zn)concentration and spatial distributions in P.australis and T.latifolia root systems with micro-meter scale resolution using synchrotron X-ray microfluorescence(μXRF)and synchrotron X-ray computed microtomography(μCMT)techniques.The root structure measurement by synchrotron μCMT showed that high X-ray attenuation substance appeared in the epidermis.Synchrotron μXRF measurement showed that metal concentrations and distributions in the root cross-section between epidermis and vascular tissue were statistically different.Significant correlations were found between metals(Cu,Mn,Pb and Zn)and Fe in the epidermis,implying that metals were scavenged by Fe oxides.The results from this study suggest that the expression of metal transport and accumulation within the root systems may be element specific.The information derived from this study can improve our current knowledge of the wetland plant ecological function in brownfield remediation.     

原子氧对不锈钢的作用

目的研究空间原子氧辐照对不锈钢性能的影响。方法将不锈钢试样置于束流密度为2.5×10~(16)atoms/(cm~2·s)的原子氧束中进行辐照试验,最长辐照时间为300 min。研究随辐照时间增加,试样质量、光学性能、接触角、耐磨性能、耐腐蚀性能的变化。结果原子氧辐照后,不锈钢表面生成氧化物质量增加;随辐照时间增加,试样光谱反射系数呈下降趋势,太阳吸收比增加;原子氧作用导致不锈钢接触角增大,耐磨性能提高,耐腐蚀性能下降。结论得到的不锈钢原子氧环境效应数据,可为其在低轨航天器上的应用提供理论基础。     

Looking beyond incentives: the role of champions in the social acceptance of residential solar energy in regional Australian communities

Research into renewable energy adoption is increasingly identifying that the successful implementation of renewable energy projects is influenced by a combination of market, community and socio-political acceptance of renewable energy technology. This research uses case studies in two regional Australian communities to examine the social acceptance of residential solar energy, in particular under the influence of financial incentives and social interactions. Fifty-five semi-structured interviews with members of the local community, industry and government were undertaken between May and October 2015. Respondents were asked about their perceptions and knowledge of solar energy and incentives to support its adoption, and their interactions with actors important in the diffusion process. Responses indicated that financial incentives motivated solar adoption; however, social interactions in the communities also contributed to decision-making. In one case study, a local “solar champion” built a private solar farm to demonstrate the technical feasibility of solar, assisted community members with physically installing their own systems and helped community members to maximise the financial benefits of their solar installations. This solar champion contributed to this community having an earlier and more rapid rate of small-scale solar adoption compared with the second case study community. The second case study community included two individuals interested in promoting solar energy; however, they were less integrated with the community’s process of adopting solar, resulting in community members experiencing substandard installations and consequent distrust of the solar industry. This research concludes that local context influences solar adoption through complex interactions among market, community and socio-political acceptance.     

A simple method for partitioning total solar radiation into diffuse/direct components in the United States

Solar radiation is a major sustainable and clean energy resource, and use of solar radiation is expected to increase. The utilization efficiency of solar energy varies with the relative proportions of the direct and diffuse components that compose total solar radiation and with the slope and aspect of the irradiated surface. The purpose of this paper is to develop a simple method for estimating diffuse and direct solar radiation at sites with observation of only total solar radiation. An existing model for estimating diffuse radiation, i.e., a linear relationship between the diffuse fraction (the ratio of diffuse radiation to total solar radiation) and the clearness index (the ratio of total solar radiation to extraterrestrial radiation), is applied to 7 sites across the continental United States with observations of diffuse and total radiation. The linear model shows good monthly performance. The model parameters (slope and interception) show a strong seasonal pattern that exhibits small variation across the 7 sites; therefore, the average values of the two monthly parameters may be used for estimating diffuse radiation for other locations with observations of total radiation.     

Prediction of diffuse solar radiation using satellite data

In the project of the solar systems, the values of the solar radiation of a region must be known. The global solar radiation measurements are performed by the Turkish Meteorological Service in Turkey, while the diffuse solar radiation measurements are unavailable. In this study, some new models for predicting the monthly average daily diffuse solar radiation on a horizontal surface for Erzincan, Turkey are developed using satellite data. The evaluation of the models is carried out with the statistical analysis methods of mean bias error (MBE), root mean square error (RMSE) and correlation coefficient (r). The results are proved that the correlation equations obtained in here can be used to forecast diffuse solar radiation reasonably well.