城市富营养化河道复合酶-原位生物修复技术研究

研究了复合酶类生物激活物质对河道中微生物的作用机理,通过测定河道中微生物的生化呼吸线、细菌数、脱氢酶、纤维素酶、脲酶和磷酸酶的酶活性来表征生物激活物质对河道自净过程的促进作用。研究结果表明,复合酶污水净化剂对微生物活性具有激活作用,累积耗氧量明显增加,酶激活率达到14％～136％,有效增强了水体的自净能力。复合酶原位生物修复技术在上海、北京和福州等多条受严重污染的富营养化河道的工程应用表明,复合酶污水净化剂在不同的地域条件下均可发挥良好的作用,具有安全、高效和适用性广等特点。     

Sustainable consumption American style: Nutrition education,active living and financial literacy

The 1992 Earth Summit highlighted the critical role of consumption in affluent nations as a source of global environmental deterioration. While most developed countries have begun over the past decade to grapple with the difficult challenges of reducing household demand for energy and materials, sustainable consumption has yet to attract substantive attention in the United States. There exist, however, several strategic openings that American proponents of more environmentally benign household provisioning could exploit to launch a public dialogue about the environmental implications of contemporary consumption. First, public health professionals have in recent years begun to make significant strides publicizing the nutritional inadequacy of the American diet and the contributory role it plays in elevating incidences of chronic disease. Second, the rapid increase in the rate of obesity in the country is now coming to be understood as a health problem that is attributable to the prevalence of sedentary lifestyles. Finally, there is growing public concern in the United States over the accumulation of unprecedented levels of consumer debt and the epidemic of personal bankruptcies. The intent of this paper is to highlight the need to consider the personal dimensions of everyday life when formulating strategies to foster more sustainable consumption.     

Assessing the Eutrophication of Shengzhong Reservoir Based on Grey Clustering Method

Abstract

Reservoir water environment is a grey system. The grey clustering method is applied to assessing the reservoir water environment to establish a relatively complete model suitable for the reservoir eutrophication evaluation and appropriately evaluate the quality of reservoir water, providing evidence for reservoir management. According to China’s lakes and reservoir eutrophication criteria and the characteristics of China’s eutrophication, as well as certain evaluation indices, the degree of eutrophication is classified into six categories with the utilization of grey classified whitening weight function to represent the boundaries of classification, to determine the clustering weight and clustering coefficient of each index in grey classifications, and the classification of each clustering object. The comprehensive evaluation of reservoir eutrophication is established on such a foundation, with Sichuan Shengzhong Reservoir as the survey object and the analysis of the data attained by several typical monitoring points there in 2006. It is found that eutrophication of Tiebian Power Generation Station, Guoyuanchang and Dashiqiao Bridge is the heaviest, Tielusi and Qinggangya the second, and Lijiaba the least. The eutrophication of this reservoir is closely relevant to the irrational exploitation in its surrounding areas, especially to the aggravation of the non-point source pollution and the increase of net-culture fishing. Therefore, it is feasible to use grey clustering in environment quality evaluation, and the point lies in the correct division of grey whitening function     

福建省流域-近海溶解氧时空格局与低氧调控机制

溶解氧是衡量水环境质量和生态系统健康的关键参数,当前我国海岸带地区的低氧问题突出,但缺乏对流域-近海溶解氧时空格局与低氧调控机制的研究.基于2011~2020年福建省135个地表水（含河口）和66个近岸海域监测点位数据,系统分析了年际和季节两个时间尺度溶解氧的时空演变规律,选取低氧（溶解氧饱和度位于10%分位之内）站位数据,采用数理统计和随机森林模型分析方法,重点研究了河流、水库、河口和近海这4种类型水体的低氧特征及其调控机制.结果表明,溶解氧饱和度近海最高［（98.2±10.2）%］,河口最低［（79.2±17.9）%］.与"十二五"（2011~2015年）相比, "十三五" （2016~2020年）河流和水库的低氧检出频率有明显降低,但河口变化不大.统计有低氧检出的点位,河流和水库的多年平均低氧检出频率在秋季最高,河口在夏季最高.水库和河口低氧问题最为突出但机制不同,水库河段的低氧与夏季径流携带大量有机质输入、层化导致底层水持续耗氧、秋季混合上涌或通过大坝泄流有关,河口的低氧与污染输入、潮水顶托和还原性物质耗氧有关.需要建立系统治理与分区管控制度,进一步加强流域-近海污染控制有助于减缓水体富营养化和低氧问题.     

Prediction of the concentration of chlorophyll-a for Liuhai urban lakes in Beijing City

The weekly water quality monitor data of Liuhai lakes between April 2003 and November 2004 in Beijing City were used as an example to build an artificial neural networks （ANN） model and a multi-varieties regression model respectively for predicting the fresh water algae bloom. The different predicted abilities of the two methods in Liuhai lakes were compared. A principle analysis method was first used to select the input variables of the models to avoid the phenomenon of collinearity in the data. The results showed that the input variables for the artificial neural networks were T, TP, transparency（SD）, DO, chlorophyll-a （Chl-a）,pH and the output variable was Chl-a. A three layer Levenberg-Marguardt feed forward leaming algorithm in ANN was used to model the eutrophication process of Liuhai lakes. 20 nodes in hidden layer and 1 node of output for the ANN model had been optimized by trial and error method. A sensitivity analysis of the input variables was performed to evaluate their relative significance in determining the predicted values. The correlation coefficient between predicted value and observed value in all data and in test data were 0.717 and 0.816 respectively in the artificial neural networks. The stepwise regression method was used to simulate the linear relation between Chl-a and temperature, of which the correlation coefficient was 0.213. By comparing the results of the two models, it was found that neural network models were able to simulate non-linear behavior in the water eutrophication process of Liuhai lakes reasonably and could successfully estimate some extreme values from calibration and test data sets.     

黑龙滩水库氮磷平衡与富营养化评价

黑龙滩水库氮磷的输入包括东风渠、水面降水、农田径流、网箱养鱼、旅游、周围居民及地下水输入等。T N每年输入 10 76 .95t,T P每年输入 5 2 1.2t。T N的输入 ,农田径流、东风渠和网箱养鱼是主要输入源 ,其中农田径流占T N输入的 5 5 .41% ,东风渠占到 32 .8%。T P输入 ,主要由农田径流控制 ,占到 93.48%。黑龙滩水库氮磷支出有干渠输出 ,水库渗漏 ,网箱养鱼以及大水面捕获鱼所带出的氮磷量。T N每年输出 182 .82t,T P每年输出 13.0 3t。每年水库随水输出的氮磷量不大。大约有 893.99t的氮 ,5 0 8.17t的磷存留水库中 ,它们大部分以颗粒吸附态的形式沉积于水库底部、少部分溶解态N·P存留于库水中。基于水库中不同点连续 17个月采样的水质数据 ,选择SD、CODCr、T N、T P和Ch·a等五个水质指标进行富营养评价 ,得出黑龙滩水库处于中营养水平 ,有产生富营养化的潜在危险。与以前所测数据相比 ,水库的富营养化的趋势在加重。管理者应加强控制农田径流污染的工作 ,才能预防水库富营养化的发生     

三峡工程运行后洞庭湖水环境变化及影响分析

以入湖水系、湖体、出湖口为研究区域,基于20多年的监测数据,运用水质单因子评价、综合营养状态指数(∑TLI)等评价方法,系统地分析了洞庭湖水文、水质、营养化状态的时空变化规律,探讨三峡工程运行后洞庭湖水环境变化及原因。结果表明:(1)洞庭湖入湖水量及沙量均明显降低、水位变幅减小。(2)透明度(SD)、总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)、浮游植物等指标的时空分异特征较为明显,4个指标年均值均总体呈上升趋势,其中,SD、浮游植物种类数量及密度自三峡工程运行后变化尤为明显。西洞庭湖的SD高于南洞庭湖,东洞庭湖的SD最低。ρ(TP)在湖体最高,ρ(TN)则在湖体最低。(3)入湖水系水质最好,出湖口水质最差。入湖水系水质一直维持在Ⅱ～Ⅲ类之间,水质良好;出湖口、湖体水质自三峡工程运行后以Ⅳ～Ⅴ类为主,变劣趋势明显。湖体富营养化日趋严重,东洞庭湖的富营养程度稍高于西洞庭湖和南洞庭湖。(4)初步认为:洞庭湖水文水动力环境条件的变化,整体上对水质产生一定的不利影响,对湖体富营养化有一定的促进作用。     

基于延拓盲数的湖库水体富营养化评价模型

基于湖库水环境系统随机性、模糊性、灰性、未确知性等多种不确定性共存或交叉存在的特点,将延拓盲数引入水体富营养化评价,通过与综合营养状态指数方法的综合集成,构建了湖库水体富营养化评价延拓盲数模型和等级识别模式,并将其应用于巢湖塘西河河口水体富营养化评价.结果表明:塘西河河口水体处于重富营养化状态,可信度超过0.86(即86%),且在模糊截集水平α=0.8情形下,综合营养状态指数期望值达79.34,属于重富营养等级.实例研究证明了新构建模型对于不确定性条件下湖库水体富营养化评价的适用性和有效性.     

水生动植物联合作用净化不同富营养化景观水体研究

选择睡莲(Nymphaeatetragona)、轮叶黑藻(Hydrillaverticillata)、鲢鱼(Aristichthysnobilis)和中华圆田螺(Cipangopludinachinensis)为实验对象,设置富营养和极富营养两种浓度梯度,通过室外试验探讨不同动植物及其组合对两种浓度水平中总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)及叶绿素a(Chl-a)的净化效果。结果表明,在富营养和极富营养水平中,均以睡莲和黑藻组合对TN和TP的去除效果最好,TN去除率分别为66.4%和42.3%,TP去除率分别为97.1%和89.6%,TP去除率分别高出相应对照组53.2和35.3个百分点;鲢鱼和中华圆田螺的加入会引起TN和TP的升高,但是由鲢鱼、中华圆田螺、睡莲和黑藻组成的组合对藻类的抑制效果最好,其Chl-a含量始终保持最低含量,日均值不超过1.16 mg/m3。因此,鲢鱼、中华圆田螺、睡莲和黑藻联合作用对富营养化水体具有明显的净化效果,其协同作用可为景观湖泊富营养化控制提供理论基础和科学依据。     

上海某饮用水源地富营养化及防治建议研究

在2010年至2012年进行的上海某水源地水质监测资料的基础上,着重分析了该水源地2011年1月至10月总磷、总氮等多个分析因子的季节变化规律及点位分布状况,得出该水源地水库水体总磷及溶解氧浓度均符合国家相关标准,但总氮超过相应类别的标准;水体中的总磷、总氮、水温、光照条件、叶绿素a、溶解氧、透明度等是影响水体富营养化的重要环境因子;水源地的水质在温度低于20℃的春、秋、冬三季藻类爆发的可能性较低,但温度较高的夏季,具有藻类爆发的可能性等结论。从而反映了该水源地的富营养化现状及对市民饮用水影响的重大意义,并提出了防治建议。